...–rail contact model is proposed; this model is described by the track vertical impulse response and the vertical impulse response of the wheel with the primary suspension, both linked through a Hertz nonlinear stiffness. To solve the model for obtaining the wheel–rail contact force, a double convolution...

... of Laplace transforms of convolution integrals are used to write a set of general Duhamel integral type expressions for the response of the system. The general response contains two parts, namely zero state and zero input. For a stochastic analysis, the input force is treated as a random process...

... demonstrated the ability to solve large locally nonlinear transient problems in a fraction of the time required by traditional direct integration methods, with equivalent or better accuracy. A recursive block-by-block convolution algorithm is developed for the solution of the governing integral equation...