This contribution gives an overview of the current state, performance, and limitations of the fast-response aerodynamic probe measurement system developed at the Turbomachinery Lab of the ETH Zurich. In particular, the following topics are addressed:

 • Probe technology: Miniature probes with tip diameter ranging from 0.84 to 1.80 mm (one-sensor and three-sensor probes, respectively) have been developed. New technologies derived from microelectronics and micromechanics have been used to achieve an adequate packaging of the microsensor chips used. Both the sensor packaging and the sensor calibration (time-independent and time-dependent) are crucial issues for the DC accuracy of any measurement.

 • Aerodynamic probe calibration: The methods used for the sensor calibration and the aerodynamic probe calibration, the pertinent automated test facilities, and the processing of the output data are briefly presented. Since these miniature probes are also capable of measuring the mean flow temperature, aspects related to the effective recovery factor and the self-heating of the probe tip are treated and some recommendations related to sensor selection are given.

 • Measurement system and data evaluation: The early measurement chain described in Gossweiler et al. (1995) has evolved into the fast-response aerodynamic probe system. This automatic system incorporates dedicated measurement concepts for a higher accuracy and a more efficient operation in terms of time and failures. An overview of the data evaluation process is given.

The fast-response aerodynamic probe system has been tested in real-sized turbomachines under industrial conditions within the temperature limits of 140°C imposed by the sensor technology (axial-flow turbofan compressor, axial-flow turbine, centrifugal compressor). These applications confirmed the potential of the system and encouraged its further development. Now, the system is routinely used in the facilities of the Turbomachinery Lab and in occasional measurement campaigns in other laboratories.

Part 2 of this contribution (Roduner et al.) will focus on the application of the fast-response aerodynamic probe system in a transonic centrifugal compressor of the ETH Turbomachinery Laboratory, while Part 3 (Ko¨ppel et al.) treats more sophisticated data analysis methods. [S0889-504X(00)01003-5]

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
aerodynamics, gas turbines, sensors, probes, micromechanics, measurement systems, compressors, velocity measurement, flow control
Topics:
Calibration, Probes, Sensors, Pressure, Temperature
1.
Hinze, J. O., 1975, Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
2.
Strazisar, A. J., 1993, “Laser Anemometer Applications in Turbomachinery,” Proc. 2nd Intern. Symp. on Experimental and Computational Aerothermodynamics of Internal Flows, Prague.
3.
Kerrebrock, J. L., Epstein, A. H., Haines, D., and Thompkins, W. T., 1974, “The MIT Blowdown Compressor Facility,” ASME J. Eng. Power, 96, No. 4.
4.
Kerrebrock, J. L., Thompkins, W. T., and Epstein, A. H., 1980, “A Miniature High Frequency Sphere Probe,” in: Measurement Methods in Rotating Components of Turbomachinery, Lakshminarayana and Runstadtler, eds., ASME, New York.
5.
Heneka, A., 1983, “Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Keilsonde fu¨r instationa¨re dreidim. Stro¨mungsmessungen in Turbomaschinen,” Mitteilungen des Institutes No. 14, ITS, University of Stuttgart, Germany [in German].
6.
Epstein, A. H., 1985, “High Frequency Response Measurements in Turbomachinery,” Measurement Techniques in Turbomachines, VKI Lecture Series 1985-03, VKI, Rhode-Saint-Gene`se, Belgium.
7.
Larguier, R., 1985, “Experimental Analysis Methods for Unsteady Flows in Turbomachines,” ONERA, ISABE 85-7030.
8.
Cook, S. C. P., 1989, “Development of a High Response Aerodynamic Wedge Probe and Use in a High Speed Research Compressor,” Proc. 9th Int. Symp. on Air Breathing Engines, ISABE 89-7118, Athens.
9.
Gossweiler
,
C.
,
Kupferschmied
,
P.
, and
Gyarmathy
,
G.
,
1995
, “
On Fast-Response Probes; Part 1—Technology, Calibration and Application to Turbomachinery
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
,
117
, pp.
611
–
617
.
10.
Roduner
,
C.
,
Ko¨ppel
,
P.
,
Kupferschmied
,
P.
, and
Gyarmathy
,
G.
,
1999
, “
Comparison of Measured Integral Averages at the Impeller Exit of a Centrifugal Compressor Measured With Both Pneumatic and Fast-Response Probes
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
,
121
, pp.
609
–
618
.
11.
Lisec
,
Th.
,
Kreutzer
,
M.
, and
Wagner
,
B.
,
1996
, “
Surface Micromachined Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors With Step-Type Bent and Flat Membrane Structures
,”
IEEE Trans. on Electron. Devices
,
43
,
No. 9
No. 9
.
12.
Ainsworth
,
R. W.
,
Allen
,
J. L.
, and
Batt
,
J. J. M.
,
1995
, “
The Development of Fast Response Aerodynamic Probes for Flow Measurements in Turbomachinery
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
,
117
, pp.
625
–
634
.
13.
Chue
,
S. H.
,
1975
, “
Pressure Probes for Fluid Measurement
,”
Prog. Aerosp. Sci.
,
16
, No.
2
, pp.
147
–
223
.
14.
Kovasznay
,
L. S. G.
,
Tani
,
I.
,
Kawamura
,
M.
, and
Fujita
,
H.
,
1981
, “
Instantaneous Pressure Distribution Around a Sphere in Unsteady Flow
,”
ASME J. Fluids Eng.
,
103
,
No. 4
No. 4
.
15.
Humm
,
H. J.
,
Gossweiler
,
C.
, and
Gyarmathy
,
G.
,
1995
, “
On Fast-Response Probes, Part 2: Aerodynamic Design Studies
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
,
117
, No.
4
, pp.
618
–
624
.
16.
Humm, H. J., 1996, “Optimierung der Sondengstalt fu¨r aerodynamische Messungen in hochgradig fluktuierenden Stro¨mungen,” Ph.D. Thesis ETH No. 11661, Zurich [in German].
17.
Kupferschmied, P., 1998, “On the Methodology of Time-Resolved Measurements With Aerodynamic Probes in Compressors and Turbines,” Ph.D. thesis ETH No. 12774, Zurich [in German].
18.
Muntwyler, M., 1997, personal communication, 26. 9. 97, Unisensor AG, Rickenbach-Attikon, Switzerland.
19.
Kupferschmied, P., Roduner, C., and Gyarmathy, G., 1998, “Some Considerations on Using Miniature Fast-Response Aerodynamic Probes for Flow Temperature Measurements,” Proc. 14th Symp. on Meas. Tech. for Transonic and Supersonic Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, Limerick, Ireland.
20.
Ng
,
W. F.
, and
Epstein
,
A. H.
,
1983
, “
High-Frequency Temperature and Pressure Probe for Unsteady Compressible Flows
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
,
54
, No.
12
, pp.
1678
–
1683
.
21.
Van Zante
,
D. E.
,
Suder
,
K. L.
,
Strazisar
,
A. J.
, and
Okiishi
,
T. H.
,
1995
, “
An Improved Aspirating Probe for Total-Temperature and Total-Pressure Measurements in Compressor Flows
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
,
117
, pp.
642
–
649
.
22.
Arts, T., De´nos, R., Brouckaert, J.-F., and Popp, O., 1996, “The Dual Hot Wire Aspirating Probe,” Proc. 13th Symp. on Meas. Tech. for Transonic and Sup. Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, Zu¨rich.
23.
Mallon, J. R., and Bernstein, H., 1983, “Temperature Compensation and Shunt Calibration of Semiconductor Pressure Transducers,” Proc. 12th Transducer Workshop, Melbourne, FL.
24.
Gossweiler, C., Humm, H. J., and Kupferschmied, P., 1990a, “The Use of Piezo-Resistive Semi-Conductor Pressure Transducers for Fast-Response Probe Measurements in Turbomachinery,” Proc. 10th Symp. on Meas. Tech. for Transonic and Supersonic Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, VKI Brussels.
25.
Gizzi, W. P., and Gyarmathy, G., 1998, “Correction of Time-Dependent Aerodynamic Measurment Errors of Fast-Response Probes,” Proc. 14th Symp. on Meas. Tech. for Transonic and Supersonic Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, Limerick, Ireland.
26.
Smouth, P. D., 1996, “Probe Installation and Design Criteria,” Temperature Measurements, VKI Lecture Series 1996-07, von Karman Inst. f. Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-Saint-Gene`se, Belgium.
27.
Krause, L. N., and Dudzinski, T. J., 1969, “Flow-Direction Measurement With Fixed Position Probes in Subsonic Flows Over a Range of Reynolds Numbers,” NASA TMX-52576, May.
28.
Shreeve, R. P., Simmons, J. M., West, J. C., and Winters K. A., 1978, “Determination of Transonic Compressor Flow Field by Synchronised Sampling of Stationary Fast Response Transducers,” Nonsteady Fluid Dynamics, D. E. Crow and J. A. Miller, eds., ASME, pp. 91–102.
29.
Riess, W., and Walbaum, M., 1996, “Initiation and Propagation of Flow Instabilities in Multi-Stage Axial Compressor,” AGARD PEP 85th Symposium, CP-571.
30.
Herter, D., Chrisander, N. O., and Gossweiler, C., 1992, “AW-System—An Interactive Environment for the Evaluation of Large Time Series,” Proc. 11th Symp. on Meas. Tech. for Transonic and Supersonic Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, Mu¨nich.
31.
Gossweiler, C., Herter, D., and Kupferschmied, P., 1992, “Fast-ResponseProbe Measurements in a Turbulent Pipe Flow,” Proc. 11th Symposium on Measuring Techniques for Transonic and Supersonic Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, Mu¨nich.
32.
Gossweiler, C., Humm, H. J., and Kupferschmied, P., 1990b, “Dynamic Calibration of Piezoresistive Pressure Transducers in the Frequency Range of Over 500 kHz,” Proc. Micromechanics Europe 1990, Berlin.
33.
Treaster
,
A. L.
, and
Yocum
,
A. M.
,
1979
, “
The Calibration and Application of Five-Hole Probes
,”
ISA Trans.
,
18
,
No. 3
No. 3
.
34.
Kupferschmied, P., and Gossweiler, C., 1992, “Calibration, Modelling and Data Evaluation Procedures for Aerodynamic Multihole Pressure Probes on the Example of a Four Hole Probe,” Proc. 11th Symp. on Meas. Tech. for Transonic and Supersonic Flows in Cascades and Turbomachines, Munich.
Copyright © 2000
 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.