Fig. 1 Schematic diagram outlining the main layers of urban weather environment More about this image found in Schematic diagram outlining the main layers of urban weather environment

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram outlining the main goal of each module included in the simulation environments More about this image found in Schematic diagram outlining the main goal of each module included in the si...

Fig. 3 Typical configuration for a block of buildings within an urban center More about this image found in Typical configuration for a block of buildings within an urban center

Fig. 4 Flowchart for the calculation and iteration processes More about this image found in Flowchart for the calculation and iteration processes

Fig. 5 Comparison of calculated canopy air temperatures and measured data More about this image found in Comparison of calculated canopy air temperatures and measured data

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram outlining the main goal of each module included in the simulation environment More about this image found in Schematic diagram outlining the main goal of each module included in the si...

Fig. 2 Typical arrangement for a block of buildings within an urban center More about this image found in Typical arrangement for a block of buildings within an urban center

Fig. 3 Time variations of ( a ) HVAC heat rejection and ( b ) air exfiltration heat from nine buildings to the urban canopy layer during a July day, in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variations of ( a ) HVAC heat rejection and ( b ) air exfiltration hea...

Fig. 4 Time variation of changes in urban canopy air temperatures for two air infiltration rates (1.0 ACH and 1.5 ACH) relative to those of air infiltration rate of 0.5 ACH for the commercial urban center during a summer day in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variation of changes in urban canopy air temperatures for two air infi...

Fig. 5 Time variation of changes in urban canopy air temperatures for two air infiltration rates (1.0 ACH and 1.5 ACH) relative to those of air infiltration rate of 0.5 ACH for the urban residential center during a summer day, in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variation of changes in urban canopy air temperatures for two air infi...

Fig. 6 Time variation of urban canopy air temperature for fixed setpoint temperature (CT) and scheduled setpoint temperature scenarios with air infiltration rates of ( a ) 0.5 ACH and ( b ) 1.5 ACH values in case of the commercial urban during a summer day in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variation of urban canopy air temperature for fixed setpoint temperatu...

Fig. 7 Time variation of building energy consumption for constant (CT) and scheduled setpoint temperature scenarios with air infiltration rate of 1 ACH for ( a ) commercial building or ( b ) residential building during a summer day in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variation of building energy consumption for constant (CT) and schedul...

Fig. 8 Daily setpoint temperature schedules with and without precooling control strategy More about this image found in Daily setpoint temperature schedules with and without precooling control st...

Fig. 9 Daily energy rejection contributions from different urban components for the case ( a ) without and ( b ) with precooling control strategy for a commercial urban center in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Daily energy rejection contributions from different urban components for th...

Fig. 10 Time variations of ( a ) building energy consumption, ( b ) HVAC energy end-use for the cases with and without precooling control strategy, and ( c ) percentage of energy increase when precooling control strategy is applied compared to the baseline case without precooling More about this image found in Time variations of ( a ) building energy consumption, ( b ) HVAC energy end...

Fig. 11 Time variation of urban canopy air temperature for different building thermal mass levels in the commercial district with a canopy aspect ratio of 2 located in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variation of urban canopy air temperature for different building therm...

Fig. 12 Time variation of HVAC energy end-use for one of the commercial buildings with different thermal mass levels in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variation of HVAC energy end-use for one of the commercial buildings w...

Fig. 13 Time variations in urban canopy air temperatures due to a precooling control strategy for different canyon aspect ratios specific to a commercial urban center in Phoenix, AZ More about this image found in Time variations in urban canopy air temperatures due to a precooling contro...