The analysis of tank nozzles for API 650, (American Petroleum Institute, 1998, API Standard 650, 10th ed.) tanks is a complex problem. Appendix P of API 650 provides a method for determining the allowable external loads on tank shell openings. The method in Appendix P is based on two papers, one by Billimoria and Hagstrom, 1997, ASME Paper No. 77-PVP-19 and the other by Billimoria and Tam 1980, ASME Paper No. 80-C2/PVP-5. Although Appendix P is optional, the industry has used it for a number of years for large diameter tanks. For tanks less than in diameter this Appendix is not applicable. In previously published papers, the authors used finite element analysis (FEA) to verify the experimental results reported by Billimoria and Tam for low-type nozzles. The analysis showed the variance between stiffness coefficients and stresses obtained by FEA and API 650 methods for tanks. In this paper, the authors have expanded the scope to include almost any size of nozzle as well as tank size. Stress factors for nozzles at different elevations on the shell are provided. Nozzles located away from a discontinuity are analyzed based on the method provided by the Welding Research Council (WRC), New York, Bulletin No. 297, 1987. Stress reduction factors have been developed using FEA for nozzles located closer to a discontinuity. Mathematical equations are provided together with the curves for the stress factors. The results of this paper have been incorporated into Appendix P of API 650 with the Addendum 3 of the 10th edition which was issued in 2003.
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August 2007
Research Papers
Analysis of Loads for Nozzles in API 650 Tanks
Manfred Lengsfeld,
Manfred Lengsfeld
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
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Ken Bardia,
Ken Bardia
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
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Jaan Taagepera,
Jaan Taagepera
Chevron Energy Technology Co.
, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA 94802
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Kanajett Hathaitham,
Kanajett Hathaitham
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
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Donald La Bounty,
Donald La Bounty
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
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Mark Lengsfeld
Mark Lengsfeld
Flowserve Corp.
, 2300 E. Vernon Ave., Vernon, CA 94802
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Manfred Lengsfeld
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
Ken Bardia
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
Jaan Taagepera
Chevron Energy Technology Co.
, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA 94802
Kanajett Hathaitham
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
Donald La Bounty
Fluor Corp.
, 3 Polaris Way, Aliso Viejo, CA 92698
Mark Lengsfeld
Flowserve Corp.
, 2300 E. Vernon Ave., Vernon, CA 94802J. Pressure Vessel Technol. Aug 2007, 129(3): 474-481 (8 pages)
Published Online: September 27, 2006
Article history
Received:
January 23, 2006
Revised:
September 27, 2006
Citation
Lengsfeld, M., Bardia, K., Taagepera, J., Hathaitham, K., La Bounty, D., and Lengsfeld, M. (September 27, 2006). "Analysis of Loads for Nozzles in API 650 Tanks." ASME. J. Pressure Vessel Technol. August 2007; 129(3): 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2748829
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