Most of the methods for determining residual stresses inside metallic solids are destructive, which is undesirable. The ultrasonic technique provides a useful nondestructive tool in the evaluation of stresses. This work presents the application of shear and longitudinal waves in the determination of stress state in a steel bar. A bar stressed by a hydraulic system is used to simulate the effect of the tensile stress. The stresses are recorded and compared with the real value calculated using the force and the bar cross-sectional area. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental results shows that it is possible to correlate tensile stresses and velocity with both methods, although the longitudinal critically refracted LCR waves have greater sensitivity to the stress.

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
acoustoelectric effects, steel, tensile strength, stress measurement, nondestructive testing, ultrasonic materials testing
Topics:
Stress, Instrumentation, Waves, Shear waves, Steel
1.
Prevey, P. S., 1991, “Problems with Nondestructive Surface X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurement,” Proc., Practical Application of Residual Stress Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 61–67.
2.
Krawitz
,
A. D.
, and
Holden
,
T. M.
,
1990
, “
The Measurement of Residual Stresses Using Neutron Diffraction
,”
MRS Bull.
, Nov., pp.
57
–
64
.
3.
Vengrinivich, V., Busko, V., Vishnevsky, A., and Denkevich, Y., 1995, “Application of Magnetic Barkhausen Effect for Evaluation of Stresses and Structure of Ferromagnetics,” Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VII, Part 1, Proc. Seventh International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, Prague, Czech Republic, June eds., A. L. Bartos, R. E. Green, Jr., and C. O. Ruud, pp. 411–414.
4.
Egle
,
D. M.
, and
Bray
,
D. E.
,
1976
, “
Measurement of Acoustoelastic and Third Order Elastic Constants for Rail Steel
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
,
60
, No. 3, Sept., pp.
741
–
744
.
5.
Schramm, R. E., Clark, A. V., Mitrakovic, D. V., and Schaps, S. R., 1991, “Ultrasonic Measurement of Residual Stress in Railroad Wheels,” Proc., Practical Application of Residual Stress Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 61–67.
6.
Allen, D. R., Cooper, W. H. B., Sayers, C. M., and Silk, M. G., 1982, “The Use of Ultrasonics to Measure Residual Stresses,” Research Technique in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 6, ed., by R. S. Sharpe, Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 151–209.
7.
Pao, Y. H, Sachse, W., and Fukuoka, H., 1984, “Acoustoelasticity and Ultrasonic Measurements of Residual Stresses,” Physical Acoustics, Vol. XVII, Academic Press, pp. 61–143.
8.
Schramm, R. E., Szelazek, J., and Van Clark, A., 1995, “Residual Stress in Induction-Heated Railroad Wheels: Ultrasonic and Saw Cut Measurements,” Report NISTIR 5038, National Institute of Standards and Technology—NIST.
9.
Bray, D. E., and Stanley, R. K., 1997, Nondestructive Evaluation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 148–168.
10.
Santos
,
A. A.
, and
Bray
,
D. E.
,
2000
, “
Ultrasonic Stress Measurement Using PC Based and Commercial Flaw Detector
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
,
71
, No. 9, Sept., pp.
3464
–
3469
.
11.
Bray, D. E., and Chance, B., 1999, “Practical Aspects of Ultrasonic Stress Measurement,” Proc., ASME Int., 6th NDE Topical Conference, ed., C. Darvennes, NDE-Vol. 19, San Antonio, Texas, April 19–22, pp. 75–79.
12.
Kypa, J., Santos, A. A., and Bray, D. E., 1999, “Surface Stress Measurement using Longitudinal Critically Refracted LCR Waves,” Proc. XV COBEM—Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Meca^nica. Aguas de Lindoia (SP), Brazil, November 22–26.
Copyright © 2002
 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.