Fig. 1 Schematic of the experimental setup for flow over sharp-corner cubical shape body, angled cubical-shaped body, and rounded-corner cubical-shaped body in water channel facility More

Fig. 2 Variation of normalized stream-wise mean velocity profiles. Here, the vertical solid line represents log-law (Eq. (2) ) for the undisturbed flow condition (case 0), and the dotted horizontal line denotes the obstacle height. More

Fig. 3 Lumley triangle plotted in ξ − η plane at the upstream and downstream locations for case 1, case 2, and case 3, respectively. The black dotted circle represents the large eddy simulation data over the smooth surfaces for free surface flow [ 35 ]. More

Fig. 4 ( a – b ) The mean dissipation rate using the spectrum method at the elevation z / h = 0.5, for the flat surface More

Fig. 5 Variation of the integral length scales ( L xx ) against z / h for case 1, case 2, and case 3, respectively More

Fig. 6 Variation of Taylor's length scales ( λ ) against z / h for case 1, case 2, and case 3, respectively More

Fig. 7 Variation of the Kolmogorov length scales ( η κ ) against z / h for case 1, case 2, and case 3, respectively More

Fig. 1 Illustration of the numerical domain used in the study demonstrating the FNPF and CFD models, coupling and cylinder placement in the case of the 3-h steady-state simulation case More

Fig. 2 Part of the numerical domain of REEF3D::FNPF simulation at t = 25 s demonstrating the free surface elevation due to a regular wave on a σ -grid More

Fig. 3 Grid convergence for REEF3D::FNPF using the 3-h sea state simulation: ( a ) free surface at x = 15.281 m, at the location of cylinder and ( b ) force on the cylinder More

Fig. 4 Grid convergence for REEF3D::CFD using the 3-h sea state simulation: ( a ) free surface at x = 15.281 m, at the location of cylinder close to the wall and ( b ) force on the cylinder More

Fig. 5 Calculated and measured free surface in front of the cylinder and wave forces due to incident nonbreaking regular waves: ( a ) free surface at x = 5.0 m, in front of the cylinder and ( b ) force on the cylinder More

Fig. 6 Part of the numerical domain of REEF3D::FNPF simulation at t = 22.5 s between x = 13 and 18 m More

Fig. 7 Calculated and measured free surface in front of the cylinder and wave forces due to irregular waves generated using a Jonswap spectrum with γ = 3.2, H = 0.1720 m, T = 1.5556 s for different time intervals: ( a ) free surface at x = 15.281 m for t = 500–520 s, ( b ) calculated for... More

Fig. 8 Hydrodynamic coupled CFD domain with wave incidence on a vertical cylinder at t = 1.73 s in the CFD simulation, corresponding to crest incidence at t = 811.73 s in the initial simulation More

Fig. 9 Measured free surface in front of the cylinder and wave forces along with calculations from a coupled CFD simulation with a limited domain corresponding to t = 0.5–2.8 s in the coupled CFD simulation, which is t = 810.5–812.8 s in the initial simulation: ( a ) free surface at x = 15.2... More