Abstract
The pace of technological advancements has been rapidly increasing in recent years, with the advent of artificial intelligence, virtual/augmented reality, and other emerging technologies fundamentally changing the way human beings work. The adoption and integration of these advanced technologies necessitate teams with diverse disciplinary expertise, to help teams remain agile in an ever-evolving technological landscape. Significant disciplinary diversity amongst teams, however, can be detrimental to team communication and performance. Additionally, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption and use of technologies that enable design teams to collaborate across significant geographical distances have become the norm in today's work environments, further complicating communication and performance issues. Little is known about the way in which technology-mediated communication affects the collaborative processes of design. As a first step toward filling this gap, the current work explores the fundamental ways experts from distinct disciplinary backgrounds collaborate in virtual design environments. Specifically, we explore the conversational dynamics between experts from two complementary yet distinct fields: non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). Using Markov modeling, the study identified distinct communicative patterns that emerged during collaborative design efforts. Our findings suggest that traditional assumptions regarding communication patterns and design dynamics may not be applicable to expert design teams working in virtual environments.
Issue Section:
Design Automation
References
1.
Allwood
, J. M.
, Childs
, T. H.
, Clare
, A. T.
, De Silva
, A. K.
, Dhokia
, V.
, Hutchings
, I. M.
, Leach
, R. K.
, et al, 2016
, “Manufacturing at Double the Speed
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 229
, pp. 729
–757
. 2.
Korpela
, M.
, Riikonen
, N.
, Piili
, H.
, Salminen
, A.
, and Nyrhilä
, O.
, 2020
, “Additive Manufacturing—Past, Present, and the Future,” Technical, Economic and Societal Effects of Manufacturing 4.0
, M
Collan
, and K-E
Michelsen
, eds., Springer International Publishing
, Cham, Switzerland
, pp. 17
–41
.3.
Tremosa
, L.
, 2023
, How Can Designers Adapt to New Technologies? The Future of Technology in Design
, The Interaction Design Foundation
, Online community
.4.
Machine Design
, 2018
, “New Technologies Pushing Engineers to Become Better, Stronger, Faster
,” https://www.machinedesign.com/learning-resources/article/21837361/new-technologies-pushing-engineers-to-become-better-stronger-faster5.
Erbil Altintas
, L.
, Kasali
, A.
, and Dogan
, F.
, 2022
, “Multi-Disciplinarity and Collaboration in Computational Design Teams
,” Presented at the eCAADe 2022: Co-Creating the Future—Inclusion in and Through Design
, Ghent, Belgium
, Sept. 13–16
, pp. 577
–586
.6.
McComb
, C.
, and Jablokow
, K.
, 2022
, “A Conceptual Framework for Multidisciplinary Design Research With Example Application to Agent-Based Modeling
,” Des. Stud.
, 78
, p. 101074
. 7.
Hong
, L.
, and Page
, S. E.
, 2004
, “Groups of Diverse Problem Solvers Can Outperform Groups of High-Ability Problem Solvers
,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
, 101
(46
), pp. 16385
–16389
. 8.
Dorst
, K.
, 2004
, “On the Problem of Design Problems—Problem Solving and Design Expertise
,” J. Des. Res.
, 4
(2
), pp. 185
–196
. 9.
Cutkosky
, M. R.
, Tenenbaum
, J. M.
, and Brown
, D. R.
, 1992
, “Working With Multiple Representations in a Concurrent Design System
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 114
(3
), pp. 515
–524
. 10.
Fleischmann
, K.
, and Hutchison
, C.
, 2012
, “Creative Exchange: An Evolving Model of Multidisciplinary Collaboration
,” J. Learn. Des.
, 5
(1
), pp. 23
–31
.11.
Sosa
, M. E.
, and Marle
, F.
, 2013
, “Assembling Creative Teams in New Product Development Using Creative Team Familiarity
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 135
(8
), p. 081009
. 12.
Maarten Schraagen
, J.
, 1993
, “How Experts Solve a Novel Problem in Experimental Design
,” Cogn. Sci.
, 17
(2
), pp. 285
–309
. 13.
Bruce
, M.
, Leverick
, F.
, and Littler
, D.
, 1995
, “Complexities of Collaborative Product Development
,” Technovation
, 15
(9
), pp. 535
–552
. 14.
Leverick
, F.
, and Littler
, D.
, 1993
, Risks and Rewards of Collaboration: A Survey of Product Development Collaboration in UK Companies
, Manchester School of Management
, Manchester, UK
.15.
Brubaker
, E. R.
, Sheppard
, S. D.
, Hinds
, P. J.
, and Yang
, M. C.
, 2023
, “Objects of Collaboration: Roles and Sequences of Objects in Spanning Knowledge Group Boundaries in Design
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 145
(3
), p. 031404
. 16.
Takai
, S.
, 2010
, “A Game-Theoretic Model of Collaboration in Engineering Design
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 132
(5
), p. 051005
. 17.
Bassett-Jones
, N.
, 2005
, “The Paradox of Diversity Management, Creativity and Innovation
,” Creat. Innov. Manag.
, 14
(2
), pp. 169
–175
. 18.
O’Rourke
, M.
, Crowley
, S.
, Laursen
, B.
, Robinson
, B.
, and Vasko
, S.
, 2019
, “Disciplinary Diversity in Teams: Integrative Approaches from Unidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity,” Strategies for Team Science Success
, Springer, Cham
, Germany
, pp. 21
–46
.19.
Schikowitz
, A.
, 2020
, “Creating Relevant Knowledge in Transdisciplinary Research Projects—Coping With Inherent Tensions
,” J. Resp. Innov.
, 7
(2
), pp. 217
–237
. 20.
Stokols
, D.
, Misra
, S.
, Moser
, R. P.
, Hall
, K. L.
, and Taylor
, B. K.
, 2008
, “The Ecology of Team Science: Understanding Contextual Influences on Transdisciplinary Collaboration
,” Am. J. Prev. Med.
, 35
(2
), pp. S96
–S115
. 21.
Bates
, G.
, Le Gouais
, A.
, Barnfield
, A.
, Callway
, R.
, Hasan
, M. N.
, Koksal
, C.
, Kwon
, H. R.
, et al, 2023
, “Balancing Autonomy and Collaboration in Large-Scale and Disciplinary Diverse Teams for Successful Qualitative Research
,” Int. J. Qual. Meth.
, 22
, p. 16094069221144594
. 22.
Cross
, N.
, 2004
, “Expertise in Design: An Overview
,” Des. Stud.
, 25
(5
), pp. 427
–441
. 23.
Ho
, C.-H.
, 2001
, “Some Phenomena of Problem Decomposition Strategy for Design Thinking: Differences Between Novices and Experts
,” Des. Stud.
, 22
(1
), pp. 27
–45
. 24.
Cross
, N.
, 2003
, “The Expertise of Exceptional Designers,” Expertise in Design
, E.
Cross
, ed., Creativity and Cognition Press, University of Technology Sydney
, Australia
, pp. 23
–35
.25.
Seepersad
, C. C.
, 2014
, “Challenges and Opportunities in Design for Additive Manufacturing
,” 3D Print. Addit. Manuf.
, 1
(1
), pp. 10
–13
. 26.
Guo
, N.
, and Leu
, M. C.
, 2013
, “Additive Manufacturing: Technology, Applications and Research Needs
,” Front. Mech. Eng.
, 8
(3
), pp. 215
–243
. 27.
Li
, Q.
, Hong
, Q.
, Qi
, Q.
, Ma
, X.
, Han
, X.
, and Tian
, J.
, 2018
, “Towards Additive Manufacturing Oriented Geometric Modeling Using Implicit Functions
,” Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art
, 1
(1
), p. 9
. 28.
Saltzman
, D. J.
, Bichnevicius
, M.
, Lynch
, S. P.
, Simpson
, T.
, Reutzel
, T.
, Dickman
, C.
, and Martukanitz
, R.
, 2017
, “Experimental Comparison of a Traditionally Built Versus Additively Manufactured Aircraft Heat Exchanger
,” 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting
, Grapevine, TX
, Jan. 9–13
.29.
Jurrens
, K.
, 2013
, Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing
, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
, Energetics Incorporated, Columbia, MD
.30.
Carl
, V.
, 2015
, “Monitoring System for the Quality Assessment in Additive Manufacturing
,” Presented at the 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Volume 34
, Boise, ID
, March
, pp. 171
–176
.31.
Witherell
, P.
, Herron
, J.
, and Ameta
, G.
, 2016
, “Towards Annotations and Product Definitions for Additive Manufacturing
,” Proc. CIRP
, 43
, pp. 339
–344
. 32.
Kerbrat
, O.
, Mognol
, P.
, and Hascoet
, J.
, 2010
, “Manufacturability Analysis to Combine Additive and Subtractive Processes
,” Rapid Prototyp. J.
, 16
(1
), pp. 63
–72
. 33.
AMFG
, 2019
, “How Mature Are Metal 3D Printing Technologies?
” AMFG. https://amfg.ai/2019/09/03/how-mature-are-metal-3d-printing-technologies34.
Hague
, R.
, Reeves
, P.
, and Jones
, S.
, 2016
, Mapping UK Research and Innovation in Additive Manufacturing
, Innovate
, UK
.35.
Lezama-Nicolás
, R.
, Rodríguez-Salvador
, M.
, Río-Belver
, R.
, and Bildosola
, I.
, 2018
, “A Bibliometric Method for Assessing Technological Maturity: The Case of Additive Manufacturing
,” Scientometrics
, 117
(3
), pp. 1425
–1452
. 36.
“
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
,” www.astm.org/e3166-20e01.html37.
Waller
, J. M.
, Parker
, B. H.
, Hodges
, K. L.
, Burke
, E. R.
, and Walker
, J. L.
, 2014
, “Nondestructive Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing State-of-the-Discipline Report
,” Report No. JSC-CN-32323.38.
Lopez
, A.
, Bacelar
, R.
, Pires
, I.
, Santos
, T. G.
, Sousa
, J. P.
, and Quintino
, L.
, 2018
, “Non-Destructive Testing Application of Radiography and Ultrasound for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 21
, pp. 298
–306
. 39.
Mahan
, T.
, Katch
, L.
, Arguelles
, A. P.
, and Menold
, J.
, 2022
, “Design for Inspectability: A Framework to Increase Inspectability of Additive Manufacturing Parts for Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Inspection Methods
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 144
(7
), p. 072001
. 40.
Kobayashi
, R.
, 2021
, “Technological Advances in Remote Collaborations
,” Top. Curr. Chem.
, 379
(6
), p. 41
. 41.
Bernardo
, T.
, Sobkowich
, K. E.
, Forrest
, R. O.
, Stewart
, L. S.
, D'Agostino
, M.
, Gutierrez
, E. P.
and Gillis
, D.
, 2021
, “Collaborating in the Time of COVID-19: The Scope and Scale of Innovative Responses to a Global Pandemic
,” JMIR Public Health Surveill.
, 7
(2
), p. e25935
. 42.
Maznevski
, M. L.
, and Chudoba
, K. M.
, 2000
, “Bridging Space Over Time: Global Virtual Team Dynamics and Effectiveness
,” Organ. Sci.
, 11
(5
), pp. 473
–492
. 43.
Cheng
, K.
, and Olechowski
, A.
, 2021
, “Some (Team) Assembly Required: An Analysis of Collaborative Computer-Aided Design Assembly
,” Presented at the ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
, online
, Aug. 17–19
.44.
Kozlowski
, S. W. J.
, and Bell
, B. S.
, 2003
, “Work Groups and Teams in Organizations,” Handbook of Psychology
, N. W.
Schmitt
, S.
Highhouse
, and I. B.
Weiner
, eds., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
, Hobokjen, NJ
, pp. 333
–375
.45.
Guzzo
, R. A.
, and Dickson
, M. W.
, 1996
, “Teams in Organizations: Recent Research on Performance and Effectiveness
,” Annu. Rev. Psychol.
, 47
(1
), pp. 307
–338
. 46.
Wittenbaum
, G. M.
, Hollingshead
, A. B.
, and Botero
, I. C.
, 2004
, “From Cooperative to Motivated Information Sharing in Groups: Moving Beyond the Hidden Profile Paradigm
,” Commun. Monogr.
, 71
(3
), pp. 286
–310
. 47.
Salas
, E.
, Sims
, D. E.
, and Shawn Burke
, C.
, 2005
, “Is There a ‘Big Five’ in Teamwork?
,” Small Group Res.
, 36
(5
), pp. 555
–599
. 48.
Nemeth
, C.
, and Staw
, B.
, 1989
, “The Tradeoffs of Social Control and Innovation in Groups and Organizations
,” Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol.
, 22
, pp. 175
–210
. 49.
Paulus
, P.
, and Dzindolet
, M.
, 1993
, “Social Influence Processes in Group Brainstorming
,” J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.
, 64
(4
), pp. 575
–586
. 50.
Hashemi Farzaneh
, H.
, 2020
, “Bio-Inspired Design: The Impact of Collaboration Between Engineers and Biologists on Analogical Transfer and Ideation
,” Res. Eng. Des.
, 31
(3
), pp. 299
–322
. 51.
Sieffert
, Y.
, Huygen
, J. M.
, and Daudon
, D.
, 2014
, “Sustainable Construction With Repurposed Materials in the Context of a Civil Engineering–Architecture Collaboration
,” J. Clean. Prod.
, 67
, pp. 125
–138
. 52.
Kuusinen
, K.
, 2015
, “Task Allocation Between UX Specialists and Developers in Agile Software Development Projects,” Human-Computer Interaction—INTERACT 2015
, J
Abascal
, S
Barbosa
, M
Fetter
, T
Gross
, P
Palanque
, and M
Winckler
, eds., Springer International Publishing
, Cham, Switzerland
, pp. 27
–44
. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.53.
Collopy
, A. X.
, Adar
, E.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2020
, “On the Use of Coordination Strategies in Complex Engineered System Design Projects
,” Des. Sci.
, 6
, p. e32
. 54.
Staples
, D. S.
, and Webster
, J.
, 2008
, “Exploring the Effects of Trust, Task Interdependence and Virtualness on Knowledge Sharing in Teams
,” Inf. Syst. J.
, 18
(6
), pp. 617
–640
. 55.
Rhoads
, M.
, 2010
, “Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication: What Does Theory Tell Us and What Have We Learned So Far?
,” J. Plan. Lit.
, 25
(2
), pp. 111
–122
. 56.
Hart
, C.
, Fillmore
, D.
, and Griffith
, J.
, 2010
, “Deceptive Communication in the Workplace: An Examination of Beliefs About Verbal and Paraverbal Cues
,” Individ. Differ. Res.
, 8
(3
), pp. 176
–183
.57.
Sporer
, S. L.
, and Schwandt
, B.
, 2006
, “Paraverbal Indicators of Deception: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis
,” Appl. Cogn. Psychol.
, 20
(4
), pp. 421
–446
. 58.
Zhou
, J.
, Phadnis
, V.
, and Olechowski
, A.
, 2020
, “Analysis of Designer Emotions in Collaborative and Traditional Computer-Aided Design
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 143
(2
), p. 021401
. 59.
Phadnis
, V.
, Arshad
, H.
, Wallace
, D.
, and Olechowski
, A.
, 2021
, “Are Two Heads Better Than One for Computer-Aided Design?
” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 143
(7
), p. 071401
. 60.
Damen
, N. B.
, and Toh
, C.
, 2021
, “Investigating Information: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Designers’ Information Representation and Structuring Behaviors
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 143
(8
), p. 081403
. 61.
Ericsson
, K. A.
, and Lehmann
, A. C.
, 1996
, “Expert and Exceptional Performance: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints
,” Annu. Rev. Psychol.
, 47
(1
), pp. 273
–305
. 62.
Ahmed
, S.
, Wallace
, K. M.
, and Blessing
, L. T.
, 2003
, “Understanding the Differences Between How Novice and Experienced Designers Approach Design Tasks
,” Res. Eng. Des.
, 14
(1
), pp. 1
–11
. 63.
Gosnell
, C. A.
, and Miller
, S. R.
, 2015
, “But Is It Creative? Delineating the Impact of Expertise and Concept Ratings on Creative Concept Selection
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 138
(2
), p. 021101
. 64.
Hatchuel
, A.
, and Weil
, B.
, 2003
, “A New Approach of Innovative Design: An Introduction to CK Theory
,” DS 31: Proceedings of ICED 03, the 14th International Conference on Engineering Design
, Stockholm, Sweden
.65.
Hatchuel
, P.
, Le Masson
, P.
, and Weil
, B.
, 2004
, “CK Theory in Practice: Lessons From Industrial Applications”.66.
Sankaran
, R. R.
, Ameling
, J. M.
, Cohn
, A. E. M.
, Grum
, C. M.
, and Meddings
, J.
, 2021
, “A Practical Guide for Building Collaborations Between Clinical Researchers and Engineers: Lessons Learned From a Multidisciplinary Patient Safety Project
,” J. Pat. Saf.
, 17
(8
), pp. e1420
–e1427
. 67.
Koester
, L.
, Taheri
, H.
, Bond
, L. J.
, Barnard
, D.
, and Gray
, J.
, 2016
, “Additive Manufacturing Metrology: State of the Art and Needs Assessment
,” Presented at the 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Incorporating the 6th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE
, Minneapolis, MN
, February
, p. 130001
.68.
Duarte
, V. R.
, Rodrigues
, T. A.
, Machado
, M. A.
, Pragana
, J. P.
, Pombinha
, P.
, Coutinho
, L.
, Silva
, C. M.
, et al, 2021
, “Benchmarking of Nondestructive Testing for Additive Manufacturing
,” 3D Print. Addit. Manuf.
, 8
(4
), pp. 263
–270
. 69.
Lu
, Q. Y.
, and Wong
, C. H.
, 2018
, “Additive Manufacturing Process Monitoring and Control by Non-Destructive Testing Techniques: Challenges and In-Process Monitoring
,” Virtual Phys. Prototyp.
, 13
(2
), pp. 39
–48
. 70.
Obaton
, A.-F.
, Butsch
, B.
, Carcreff
, E.
, Laroche
, N.
, Tarr
, J. B.
, and Donmez
, A.
, 2019
, Efficient Volumetric Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Additively Manufactured Parts
, NIST
, International Institute of Welding
.71.
Alzayed
, M. A.
, Miller
, S. R.
, and McComb
, C.
, 2022
, “Does Empathy Beget Creativity? Investigating the Role of Trait Empathy in Idea Generation and Selection,” Design Computing and Cognition’20
, JS
Gero
, ed., Springer International Publishing
, Cham, Switzerland
, pp. 437
–454
.72.
Alzayed
, M. A.
, Miller
, S. R.
, Menold
, J.
, Huff
, J.
, and McComb
, C.
, 2020
, “Can Design Teams Be Empathically Creative? A Simulation-Based Investigation on the Role of Team Empathy on Concept Generation and Selection
,” Presented at the ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
, Virtual, Online
, Aug. 17–19
.73.
Kaufman
, J. C.
, Baer
, J.
, Cropley
, D. H.
, Reiter-Palmon
, R.
, and Sinnett
, S.
, 2013
, “Furious Activity vs. Understanding: How Much Expertise is Needed to Evaluate Creative Work?
” Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts
, 7
(4
), pp. 332
–340
. 74.
Creswell
, J. W.
, and Clark
, V. L. P.
, 2017
, Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research
, SAGE Publications
, Thousand Oaks, CA
.75.
Patton
, M. Q.
, 2014
, Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice
, SAGE Publications
, Thousand Oaks, CA
.76.
Goodman
, L. A.
, 1961
, “Snowball Sampling
,” Ann. Math. Statist.
, 32
(1
), pp. 148
–170
.77.
Palinkas
, L. A.
, Horwitz
, S. M.
, Green
, C. A.
, Wisdom
, J. P.
, Duan
, N.
, and Hoagwood
, K.
, 2015
, “Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research
,” Adm. Pol. Ment. Health
, 42
(5
), pp. 533
–544
. 78.
Rosen
, D. W.
, 2014
, “Research Supporting Principles for Design for Additive Manufacturing: This Paper Provides a Comprehensive Review on Current Design Principles and Strategies for AM
,” Virtual Phys. Prototyp.
, 9
(4
), pp. 225
–232
. 79.
Felix-Deng
, L.
, and Ready Lab.
, 2022
, “ReadyLab-UToronto/Onshape-Research-Guide: Onshape Research Guide
,” Zenodo.80.
“Onshape Audit Reports.” https://cad.onshape.com/help/Content/audit_reports.htm
81.
Cowin
, K. M.
, Cohen
, L. M.
, Ciechanowski
, K. M.
, and Orozco
, R. A.
, 2012
, “Portraits of Mentor-Junior Faculty Relationships: From Power Dynamics to Collaboration
,” J. Educ.
, 192
(1
), pp. 37
–47
.82.
Grauerholz
, E.
, 1989
, “Sexual Harassment of Women Professors by Students: Exploring the Dynamics of Power, Authority, and Gender in a University Setting
,” Sex Roles
, 21
, pp. 789
–801
.83.
Aguinis
, H.
, Nesler
, M. S.
, Quigley
, B. M.
, Lee
, S.-J.
, and Tedeschi
, J. T.
, 1996
, “Power Bases of Faculty Supervisors and Educational Outcomes for Graduate Students
,” J. Higher Educ.
, 67
(3
), pp. 267
–297
.84.
Archibald
, M. M.
, Ambagtsheer
, R. C.
, Casey
, M. G.
, and Lawless
, M.
, 2019
, “Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants
,” Int. J. Qual. Meth.
, 18
, p. 1609406919874596
. 85.
CADD Expert
, 2020
, “SolidWorks CATIA NX AUTOCAD 3D Drawings Practice Books 100 PDF
,” CADDEXPERT. https://caddexpert.com/2020/06/17/solidworks-catia-nx-autocad-3d-drawings-practice-books-100-pdf/,86.
“
GE Jet Engine Bracket Challenge, Engineering & Design Challenges, GrabCAD
.” https://grabcad.com/challenges/ge-jet-engine-bracket-challenge/entries87.
Rahman
, S.
, Ren
, X.
, and Yadav
, V.
, 2016
, “High-Dimensional Stochastic Design Optimization by Adaptive-Sparse Polynomial Dimensional Decomposition
”.88.
Hatchuel
, A.
, and Weil
, B.
, 2009
, “C-K Design Theory: An Advanced Formulation
,” Res. Eng. Des.
, 19
(4
), pp. 181
–192
. 89.
Lai
, C.
, Carletta
, J.
, and Renals
, S.
, 2013
, “Modelling Participant Affect in Meetings With Turn-Taking Features
,” Workshop on Affective Social Speech Signals
, Grenoble, France
, August
.90.
Haan
, K.-W.
, Riedl
, C.
, and Woolley
, A.
, 2021
, “Discovering Where We Excel: How Inclusive Turn-Taking in Conversation Improves Team Performance
,” Companion Publication of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, in ICMI’21 Companion
, New York, NY
, December
.91.
Ritter
, S.
, and Mostert
, N.
, 2018
, “How to Facilitate a Brainstorming Session: The Effect of Idea Generation Techniques and of Group Brainstorm After Individual Brainstorm
,” Creat. Ind. J.
, 11
, pp. 1
–15
. 92.
Rogelberg
, S. G.
, and Kreamer
, L.
, 2019
, “The Case for More Silence in Meetings
,” Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2019/06/the-case-for-more-silence-in-meetings93.
Deng
, Y.
, Mueller
, M.
, Rogers
, C.
, and Olechowski
, A.
, 2022
, “The Multi-user Computer-Aided Design Collaborative Learning Framework
,” Adv. Eng. Inform.
, 51
, p. 101446
. 94.
Miši
, D.
, 2022
, “CAD System Evaluation Based on User Interface Efficiency
,” Innov. Mech. Eng.
, 1
(2
), pp. 80
–95
.95.
Camba
, J. D.
, Contero
, M.
, and Company
, P.
, 2016
, “Parametric CAD Modeling: An Analysis of Strategies for Design Reusability
,” Comput. Aided Des.
, 74
pp. 18
–31
. 96.
Hennig
, A.
, Topcu
, T. G.
, and Szajnfarber
, Z.
, 2022
, “So You Think Your System Is Complex?: Why and How Existing Complexity Measures Rarely Agree
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 144
(4
), p. 041401
. 97.
Charmaz
, K.
, 2006
, Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis.
, SAGE Publications
, London
.98.
Glaser
, B. G.
, 1965
, “The Constant Comparative Method of Qualitative Analysis
,” Soc. Probl.
, 12
(4
), pp. 436
–445
. 99.
Grove
, R. W.
, 1988
, “An Analysis of the Constant Comparative Method
,” Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ.
, 1
(3
), pp. 273
–279
. 100.
“
An Introduction to Solomon Coder: András Péter 11-12 October 2011, Milano | PDF | Computer Data | Areas of Computer Science
.”101.
Hartling
, L.
, Hamm
, M.
, Milne
, A.
, et al, 2012
, Quality and Risk of Bias Assessment in Systematic Reviews
, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
, Rockville, MD
.102.
Stroock
, D. W.
, 2013
, An Introduction to Markov Processes
, Springer Science & Business Media
, Berlin
.103.
Ching
, W.
, Fung
, E. S.
, and Ng
, M. K.
, 2002
, “A Multivariate Markov Chain Model for Categorical Data Sequences and Its Applications in Demand Predictions
,” IMA J. Manag. Math.
, 13
(3
), pp. 187
–199
. 104.
Saravanan
, P.
, Walker
, M.
, and Menold
, J.
, 2020
, “Developing Training Tools for Clinicians in LICs: Using Hidden Markov Modeling to Study the Decision-Making Strategies of Expert and Novice Prosthetists
,” Presented at the ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
, Virtual, Online
, Aug. 17–19
.105.
Tamir
, A.
, 1998
, Applications of Markov Chains in Chemical Engineering
, Elsevier
, New York
.106.
McComb
, C.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 2017
, “Utilizing Markov Chains to Understand Operation Sequencing in Design Tasks,” Design Computing and Cognition’16
, J
Gero
, ed., Springer International Publishing
, Cham, Switzerland
, pp. 401
–418
.107.
Mehta
, P.
, Malviya
, M.
, McComb
, C.
, Manogharan
, G.
, and Berdanier
, C. G. P.
, 2020
, “Mining Design Heuristics for Additive Manufacturing Via Eye-Tracking Methods and Hidden Markov Modeling
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 142
(12
), p. 124502
. 108.
Maier
, T.
, Soria Zurita
, N. F.
, Starkey
, E.
, Spillane
, D.
, Menold
, J.
, and McComb
, C.
, 2020
, “Analyzing the Characteristics of Cognitive-Assistant-Facilitated Ideation Groups
,” Presented at the ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
, Virtual, Online
, Aug. 17–19
.109.
RStudio Team
, 2023
, RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, Boston, MA
, http://www.rstudio.com/110.
Krishnakumar
, S.
, Berdanier
, C.
, Lauff
, C.
, McComb
, C.
, and Menold
, J.
, 2022
, “The Story Novice Designers Tell: How Rhetorical Structures and Prototyping Shape Communication With External Audiences
,” Des. Stud.
, 82
, p. 101133
. 111.
McComb
, C.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 2017
, “Mining Process Heuristics From Designer Action Data Via Hidden Markov Models
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 139
(11
), p. 111412
. 112.
Hillard
, D.
, Ostendorf
, M.
, and Shriberg
, E.
, 2003
, “Detection of Agreement vs. Disagreement in Meetings: Training With Unlabeled Data
,” Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: Companion Volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003–Short Papers—Volume 2, in NAACL-Short’03
, Edmonton, Canada
, May
.113.
Levinson
, S. C.
, and Torreira
, F.
, 2015
, “Timing in Turn-Taking and Its Implications for Processing Models of Language
,” Front. Psychol.
, 6
, p. 731
. 114.
Roberts
, F.
, and Francis
, A. L.
, 2013
, “Identifying a Temporal Threshold of Tolerance for Silent Gaps After Requests
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
, 133
(6
), pp. EL471
–EL477
. 115.
“
The Multi-user Computer-Aided Design Collaborative Learning Framework (MUCAD-CLF)
,” ReadyLab-U, Toronto, 2022.116.
Miši
, D.
“CAD System Evaluation Based on User Interface Efficiency
”.117.
Meluso
, J.
, Johnson
, S.
, and Bagrow
, J. P.
“Making Virtual Teams Work: Redesigning Virtual Collaboration for the Future
”.118.
Chai
, D. S.
, and Park
, S.
, 2022
, “The Increased Use of Virtual Teams During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Implications for Psychological Well-Being
,” Hum. Resour. Dev. Int.
, 25
(2
), pp. 199
–218
. 119.
Garro-Abarca
, V.
, Palos-Sanchez
, P.
, and Aguayo-Camacho
, M.
, 2021
, “Virtual Teams in Times of Pandemic: Factors That Influence Performance
,” Front. Psychol.
, 12
, pp. 1
–14
. 120.
Clark
, J. O.
, 2009
, “System of Systems Engineering and Family of Systems Engineering From a Standards, V-Model, and Dual-V Model Perspective
,” 2009 3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference
, Vancouver, Canada
, Mar. 23–26
, pp. 381
–387
.121.
Cross
, R.
, and Parker
, A.
, 2004
, The Hidden Power of Social Networks: Understanding How Work Really Gets Done in Organizations
, Harvard Business Publishing
, Boston, MA
.122.
Hinds
, P.
, and Bailey
, D.
, 2003
, “Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams
,” Organ. Sci.
, 14
(6
), pp. 615
–632
. 123.
Ancona
, D. G.
, and Caldwell
, D. F.
, 1992
, “Bridging the Boundary: External Activity and Performance in Organizational Teams
,” Adm. Sci. Q.
, 37
(4
), pp. 634
–665
. Copyright © 2023 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
