Cloud-based manufacturing (CBM) has recently been proposed as an emerging manufacturing paradigm that may potentially change the way manufacturing services are provided and accessed. In the context of CBM, companies may opt to crowdsource part of their manufacturing tasks that are beyond their existing in-house manufacturing capacity to third-party CBM service providers by renting their manufacturing equipment instead of purchasing additional machines. To plan manufacturing scalability for CBM systems, it is crucial to identify potential manufacturing bottlenecks where the entire manufacturing system capacity is limited. Because of the complexity of manufacturing resource sharing behaviors, it is challenging to model and analyze the material flow of CBM systems in which sequential, concurrent, conflicting, cyclic, and mutually exclusive manufacturing processes typically occur. To address and further study this issue, we develop a stochastic Petri nets (SPNs) model to formally represent a CBM system, model and analyze the uncertainties in the complex material flow of the CBM system, evaluate manufacturing performance, and plan manufacturing scalability. We validate this approach by means of a delivery drone example that is used to demonstrate how manufacturers can indeed achieve rapid and cost-effective manufacturing scalability in practice by combining in-house manufacturing and crowdsourcing in a CBM setting.
Issue Section:
Special Section Articles
Keywords:
Computer-integrated manufacturing
References
1.
Wu
, D.
, Greer
, M. J.
, Rosen
, D. W.
, and Schaefer
, D.
, 2013
, “Cloud Manufacturing: Strategic Vision and State-of-the-Art
,” J. Manuf. Syst.
, 32
(4
), pp. 564
–579
.10.1016/j.jmsy.2013.04.0082.
Ren
, L.
, Zhang
, L.
, Wang
, L.
, Tao
, F.
, and Chai
, X.
, 2014
, “Cloud Manufacturing: Key Characteristics and Applications
,” Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf.
, pp. 1
–15
.10.1080/0951192X.2014.9021053.
Lu
, Y.
, Xu
, X.
, and Xu
, J.
, 2014
, “Development of a Hybrid Manufacturing Cloud
,” J. Manuf. Syst.
, 33
(4
), pp. 551
–566
.10.1016/j.jmsy.2014.05.0034.
Wu
, D.
, Rosen
, D. W.
, Wang
, L.
, and Schaefer
, D.
, 2015
, “Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing: A New Paradigm in Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation
,” Comput.-Aided Des.
, 59
, pp. 1
–14
.10.1016/j.cad.2014.07.0065.
Zhang
, L.
, Luo
, Y. L.
, Tao
, F.
, Li
, B. H.
, Ren
, L.
, Zhang
, X. S.
, Guo
, H.
, Cheng
, Y.
, Hu
, A. R.
, and Liu
, Y. K.
, 2014
, “Cloud Manufacturing: A New Manufacturing Paradigm
,” Enterp. Inf. Syst.
, 8
(2
), pp. 167
–187
.10.1080/17517575.2012.6838126.
Wang
, L.
, 2013
, “Machine Availability Monitoring and Machining Process Planning Towards Cloud Manufacturing
,” CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol.
, 6
(4
), pp. 263
–273
.10.1016/j.cirpj.2013.07.0017.
Ren
, L.
, Zhang
, L.
, Tao
, F.
, Zhao
, C.
, Chai
, X.
, and Zhao
, X.
, 2015
, “Cloud Manufacturing: From Concept to Practice
,” Enterp. Inf. Syst.
, 9
(2
), pp. 186
–209
.10.1080/17517575.2013.8390558.
Wu
, D.
, Rosen
, D. W.
, Wang
, L.
, and Schaefer
, D.
, 2014
, “Cloud-Based Manufacturing: Old Wine in New Bottles?
” 47th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems
, Windsor
, Canada
, pp. 8
–18
.10.1016/j.procir.2014.01.0359.
Wu
, D. Z.
, Thames
, J. L.
, Rosen
, D. W.
, and Schaefer
, D.
, 2013
, “Enhancing the Product Realization Process With Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing Systems
,” ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng.
, 13
(4
), p. 041004
.10.1115/1.402525710.
11.
12.
13.
Manyika
, J.
, Chui
, M.
, Bughin
, J.
, Dobbs
, R.
, Bisson
, P.
, and Marrs
, A.
, 2013
, “Disruptive Technologies: Advances That Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy
,” McKinsey Global Institute
, San Francisco, CA
, Report No. 6.14.
Witherell
, P.
, Feng
, S.
, Simpson
, T. W.
, Saint John
, D. B.
, Michaleris
, P.
, Liu
, Z.-K.
, Chen
, L.-Q.
, and Martukanitz
, R.
, 2014
, “Toward Metamodels for Composable and Reusable Additive Manufacturing Process Models
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 136
(6
), p. 061025
.10.1115/1.402853315.
Spicer
, P.
, and Carlo
, H. J.
, 2007
, “Integrating Reconfiguration Cost Into the Design of Multi-Period Scalable Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 129
(1
), pp. 202
–210
.10.1115/1.238319616.
Jeong
, N.
, and Rosen
, D. W.
, 2014
, “Microstructure Feature Recognition for Materials Using Surfacelet-Based Methods for Computer-Aided Design-Material Integration
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 136
(6
), p. 061021
.10.1115/1.402862117.
Wang
, W.
, and Koren
, Y.
, 2012
, “Scalability Planning for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
,” J. Manuf. Syst.
, 31
(2
), pp. 83
–91
.10.1016/j.jmsy.2011.11.00118.
Putnik
, G.
, Sluga
, A.
, ElMaraghy
, H.
, Teti
, R.
, Koren
, Y.
, Tolio
, T.
, and Hon
, B.
, 2013
, “Scalability in Manufacturing Systems Design and Operation: State-of-the-Art and Future Developments Roadmap
,” CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol.
, 62
(2
), pp. 751
–774
.10.1016/j.cirp.2013.05.00219.
Koren
, Y.
, and Shpitalni
, M.
, 2010
, “Design of Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
,” J. Manuf. Syst.
, 29
(4
), pp. 130
–141
.10.1016/j.jmsy.2011.01.00120.
Spicer
, P.
, Koren
, Y.
, Shpitalni
, M.
, and Yip-Hoi
, D.
, 2002
, “Design Principles for Machining System Configurations
,” CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol.
, 51
(1
), pp. 275
–280
.10.1016/S0007-8506(07)61516-921.
Koren
, Y.
, 2006
, “General RMS Characteristics. Comparison With Dedicated and Flexible Systems
,” Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems and Transformable Factories
, Springer
, Berlin
, pp. 27
–45
.10.1007/3-540-29397-3_322.
Ghosh
, S.
, 1995
, “A Distributed Algorithm for Fault Simulation of Combinatorial and Asynchronous Sequential Digital Designs, Utilizing Circuit Partitioning, on Loosely-Coupled Parallel Processors
,” Microelectron. Reliab.
, 35
(6
), pp. 947
–967
.10.1016/0026-2714(93)E0021-Z23.
24.
ElMaraghy
, H. A.
, and Wiendahl
, H.-P.
, 2009
, “Changeability: An Introduction
,” Changeable and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
, Springer
, London
, pp. 3
–24
.10.1007/978-1-84882-067-8_125.
Tolio
, T.
, Ceglarek
, D.
, ElMaraghy
, H.
, Fischer
, A.
, Hu
, S.
, Laperrière
, L.
, Newman
, S. T.
, and Váncza
, J.
, 2010
, “SPECIES—Co-Evolution of Products, Processes and Production Systems
,” CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol.
, 59
(2
), pp. 672
–693
.10.1016/j.cirp.2010.05.00826.
Chiang
, S.-Y.
, Kuo
, C.-T.
, and Meerkov
, S. M.
, 2000
, “DT-Bottlenecks in Serial Production Lines: Theory and Application
,” IEEE Trans. Rob. Autom.
, 16
(5
), pp. 567
–580
.10.1109/70.88080627.
Chiang
, S.-Y.
, Kuo
, C.-T.
, and Meerkov
, S. M.
, 2001
, “c-Bottlenecks in Serial Production Lines: Identification and Application
,” Math. Probl. Eng.
, 7
(6
), pp. 543
–578
.10.1155/S1024123X0100177628.
Kuo
, C.-T.
, Lim
, J.-T.
, and Meerkov
, S. M.
, 1996
, “Bottlenecks in Serial Production Lines: A System-Theoretic Approach
,” Math. Probl. Eng.
, 2
(3
), pp. 233
–276
.10.1155/S1024123X9600034829.
Chiang
, S.-Y.
, Kuo
, C.-T.
, and Meerkov
, S. M.
, 1998
, “Bottlenecks in Markovian Production Lines: A Systems Approach
,” IEEE Trans. Rob. Autom.
, 14
(2
), pp. 352
–359
.10.1109/70.68125630.
Law
, A. M.
, and McComas
, M. G.
, 1987
, “Simulation of Manufacturing Systems
,” Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Winter Simulation
, ACM
, New York, pp. 631
–643
.10.1145/318371.31867531.
Li
, J.
, and Meerkov
, S. M.
, 2000
, “Bottlenecks With Respect to Due-Time Performance in Pull Serial Production Lines
,” Math. Probl. Eng.
, 5
(6
), pp. 479
–498
.10.1155/S1024123X9900120932.
Lawrence
, S. R.
, and Buss
, A. H.
, 1995
, “Economic Analysis of Production Bottlenecks
,” Math. Probl. Eng.
, 1
(4
), pp. 341
–363
.10.1155/S1024123X9500020233.
Li
, L.
, Chang
, Q.
, and Ni
, J.
, 2009
, “Data Driven Bottleneck Detection of Manufacturing Systems
,” Int. J. Prod. Res.
, 47
(18
), pp. 5019
–5036
.10.1080/0020754070188186034.
Li
, L.
, 2009
, “Bottleneck Detection of Complex Manufacturing Systems Using a Data-Driven Method
,” Int. J. Prod. Res.
, 47
(24
), pp. 6929
–6940
.10.1080/0020754080242789435.
Li
, L.
, Chang
, Q.
, Ni
, J.
, and Biller
, S.
, 2009
, “Real Time Production Improvement Through Bottleneck Control
,” Int. J. Prod. Res.
, 47
(21
), pp. 6145
–6158
.10.1080/0020754080224424036.
Reisig
, W.
, and Rozenberg
, G.
, 1998
, Lectures on Petri Nets. I: Basic Models: Advances in Petri Nets
, Springer
, Berlin
.37.
Petri
, C. A.
, 1980
, “Introduction to General Net Theory
,” Net Theory and Applications
, Springer
, London
, pp. 1
–19
.38.
David
, R.
, and Alla
, H.
, 1994
, “Petri Nets for Modeling of Dynamic Systems: A Survey
,” Automatica
, 30
(2
), pp. 175
–202
.10.1016/0005-1098(94)90024-839.
Zhou
, M. C.
, Dicesare
, F.
, and Desrochers
, A. A.
, 1989
, “A Top-Down Approach to Systematic Synthesis of Petri Net Models for Manufacturing Systems
,” 1989 IEEE
International Conference on Robotics and Automation
, Vol. 1–3
, pp. 534
–539
.10.1109/ROBOT.1989.10004140.
Zurawski
, R.
, and Zhou
, M.
, 1994
, “Petri Nets and Industrial Applications: A Tutorial
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
, 41
(6
), pp. 567
–583
.10.1109/41.33457441.
Feldmann
, K.
, Colombo
, A. W.
, Schnur
, C.
, and Stockel
, T.
, 1999
, “Specification, Design, and Implementation of Logic Controllers Based on Colored Petri Net Models and the Standard IEC 1131. Part II: Design and Implementation
,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol.
, 7
(6
), pp. 666
–674
.10.1109/87.79966742.
Bonet
, P.
, Lladó
, C. M.
, Puijaner
, R.
, and Knottenbelt
, W. J.
, 2007
, “pipe v2. 5: A Petri Net Tool for Performance Modeling
,” 23rd Latin American Conference on Informatics CLEI 2007
, pp. 50
–62
.43.
44.
Copyright © 2015 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
