Abstract

Since their introduction in the early 1990s, pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) have received a lot of attention due to their obvious advantages such as their geometrical simplicity, and their potential for high-heat flux applications even without power consumption. Although numerous investigators have studied PHPs over the last three decades, there still exist a few controversial issues on fundamental characteristics and several technical problems in practical applications. To put the finishing touches to the controversial issues and to shed light on the technical problems, recent advances in PHPs are critically reviewed in this paper. The results of this critical review are classified into two categories: (i) fundamental aspects of PHPs and (ii) practical aspects of PHPs. The first category focuses on reviewing the current state-of-the-art fundamental characteristics of PHPs. The second category summarizes the technical problems that are resolved for utilizing PHPs in practical applications. This review paper would help researchers or engineers who are working on or utilizing PHPs.

References

1.
Akachi
,
H.
,
1990
, “
Structure of a Heat Pipe
,” Patent No. US4921041A.
2.
Lips
,
S.
,
Sartre
,
V.
,
Lefevre
,
F.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Bonjour
,
J.
,
2016
, “
Overview of Heat Pipe Studies During the Period 2010-2015
,”
Interfac. Phenom. Heat Transfer, Begell House 4
,
4
(
1
), pp.
33
53
.10.1615/InterfacPhenomHeatTransfer.2016016345
3.
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Faghri
,
A.
,
2008
, “
Advances and Unsolved Issues in Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Heat Transfer Eng.
,
29
(
1
), pp.
20
44
.10.1080/01457630701677114
4.
Khandekar
,
S.
,
Panigrahi
,
P. K.
,
Lefevre
,
F.
, and
Bonjour
,
J.
,
2010
, “
Local Hydrodynamics of Flow in Pulsating Heat Pipe: A Review
,”
Front. Heat Pipes
,
1
(
2
), p.
023003
.10.5098/fhp.v1.2.3003
5.
Taft
,
B. S.
,
Williams
,
A. D.
, and
Drolen
,
B. L.
,
2012
, “
Review of Pulsating Heat Pipe Working Fluid Selection
,”
J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer
,
26
(
4
), pp.
651
656
.10.2514/1.T3768
6.
Ma
,
H.
,
2015
,
Oscillating Heat Pipes
,
Springer
,
New York
.
7.
Han
,
X.
,
Wang
,
X.
,
Zheng
,
H.
,
Xu
,
X.
, and
Chen
,
G.
,
2016
, “
Review of the Development of Pulsating Heat Pipe for Heat Dissipation
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
,
59
, pp.
692
709
.10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.350
8.
Bastakoti
,
D.
,
Zhang
,
H.
,
Li
,
D.
,
Cai
,
W.
, and
Li
,
F.
,
2018
, “
An Overview on the Developing Trend of Pulsating Heat Pipe and Its Performance
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
141
, pp.
305
332
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.121
9.
Marengo
,
M.
, and
Nikolayev
,
V. S.
,
2018
, “
Pulsating Heat Pipes: Experimental Analysis, Design and Applications
,”
Encyclopedia of Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Flow IV
,
J. R.
Thome
, eds.,
World Scientific
,
Singapore
.
10.
Nikolayev
,
V. S.
, and
Marengo
,
M.
,
2018
, “
Pulsating Heat Pipes: Basics of Functioning and Modeling
,”
Encyclopedia of Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Flow IV
,
J. R.
Thome
, eds.,
World Scientific
,
Singapore
.
11.
Shafii
,
M. B.
,
Faghri
,
A.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
,
2001
, “
Thermal Modeling of Unlooped and Looped Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME
,
123
(
6
), pp.
1159
1172
.10.1115/1.1409266
12.
Cheng
,
P.
, and
Ma
,
H.
,
2011
, “
A Mathematical Model of an Oscillating Heat Pipe
,”
Heat Transfer Eng.
,
32
(
11–12
), pp.
1037
1046
.10.1080/01457632.2011.556495
13.
Senjaya
,
R.
, and
Inoue
,
T.
,
2013
, “
Oscillating Heat Pipe Simulation Considering Bubble Generation Part I: Presentation of the Model and Effects of a Bubble Generation
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
60
, pp.
816
824
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.01.059
14.
Nikolayev
,
V. S.
,
2011
, “
A Dynamic Film Model of the Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME
,
133
(
8
), p.
081504
.10.1115/1.4003759
15.
Onishi
,
H.
,
Sawairi
,
K.
, and
Tadam
,
Y.
,
2016
, “
Numerical Study on Heat Transport Characteristics in Oscillating Heat Pipe Under Small Temperature Difference
,”
Proceedings of the First Pacific Rim Thermal Engineering Conference
,
Hawaii's Big Island
, Mar. 13–17, p.
15119
.
16.
Jo
,
J.
,
Kim
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2019
, “
Experimental Investigations of Heat Transfer Mechanisms of a Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
181
, pp.
331
341
.10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.027
17.
Jung
,
C.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2021
, “
Effects of Oscillation Amplitudes on Heat Transfer Mechanisms of Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
165
(
120642
), p.
120642
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120642
18.
Kim
,
T. H.
,
Kommer
,
E.
,
Dessiatoun
,
S.
, and
Kim
,
J.
,
2011
, “
Measurement of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Parameters Using Infrared Thermometry
,”
Int. J. Multiphase Flow
,
40
, pp.
56
67
.10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2011.11.012
19.
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Groll
,
M.
,
2003
, “
On the Definition of Pulsating Heat Pipes: An Overview
,”
Proceedings of Fifth Minsk International Seminar
,
Minsk, Belarus
, Sept. 8–11, pp.
116
128
.http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/Bio_data/publications/Khandekar_Keynote_2.pdf
20.
Liu
,
X.
,
Sun
,
Q.
,
Zhang
,
C.
, and
Wu
,
L.
,
2016
, “
High-Speed Visual Analysis of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Oscillating Heat Pipes With Different Diameters
,”
Appl. Sci.
,
6
(
11
), p.
321
.10.3390/app6110321
21.
Yang
,
H.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Groll
,
M.
,
2009
, “
Performance Characteristics of Pulsating Heat Pipes as Integral Thermal Spreaders
,”
Int. J. Therm. Sci.
,
48
(
4
), pp.
815
824
.10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2008.05.017
22.
Sun
,
Q.
,
Qu
,
J.
,
Yuan
,
J.
, and
Wang
,
Q.
,
2017
, “
Operational Characteristics of a MEMS-Based Micro Oscillating Heat Pipe
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
124
, pp.
1269
1278
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.109
23.
Youn
,
Y. J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2012
, “
Fabrication and Evaluation of a Silicon-Based Micro Pulsating Heat Spreader
,”
Sens. Actuators A:Phys.
,
174
, pp.
189
197
.10.1016/j.sna.2011.12.006
24.
Jun
,
S.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2016
, “
Comparison of the Thermal Performances and Flow Characteristics Between Closed-Loop and Closed-End Micro Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
95
, pp.
890
901
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.12.064
25.
Yoon
,
A.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2017
, “
Characteristics of Oscillating Flow in a Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe: Fundamental-Mode Oscillation
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
109
, pp.
242
253
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.02.003
26.
Kim
,
W.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2020
, “
Effect of a Flow Behavior on the Thermal Performance of Closed-Loop and Closed-End Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
149
(
119251
), p.
119251
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119251
27.
Kim
,
W.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2018
, “
Effect of Reentrant Cavities on the Thermal Performance of a Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
133
, pp.
61
69
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.01.027
28.
Lim
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2019
, “
Effect of a Channel Layout on the Thermal Performance of a Flat Plate Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe Under the Local Heating Condition
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
137
, pp.
1232
1240
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.03.121
29.
Kim
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2020
, “
Experimental Investigation on Working Fluid Selection in a Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
205
(
112462
), p.
112462
.10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112462
30.
Yang
,
H.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Groll
,
M.
,
2008
, “
Operational Limit of Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
28
(
1
), pp.
49
59
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.01.033
31.
Kammuang-Lue
,
N.
,
Sakulchangsatjatai
,
P.
,
Terdtoon
,
P.
, and
Mook
,
D. J.
,
2009
, “
Correlation to Predict the Maximum Heat Flux of a Vertical Closed-Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Heat Transfer Eng.
,
30
(
12
), pp.
961
972
.10.1080/01457630902837442
32.
Qu
,
J.
,
Wu
,
H.
, and
Cheng
,
P.
,
2012
, “
Start-Up, Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Silicon-Based Micro Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
55
(
21–22
), pp.
6109
6120
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.06.024
33.
Charoensawan
,
P.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
,
Groll
,
M.
, and
Terdtoon
,
P.
,
2003
, “
Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes Part A: Parametric Experimental Investigations
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
23
(
16
), pp.
2009
2020
.10.1016/S1359-4311(03)00159-5
34.
Manzoni
,
M.
,
Mameli
,
M.
,
DeFalco
,
C.
,
Araneo
,
L.
,
Filippeschi
,
S.
, and
Marengo
,
M.
,
2014
, “
Toward a Design of a Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Microfluidics
,
Limerick, Ireland
, Dec. 10–12, Paper No. lFLU14-147.https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/publications/toward-a-design-of-a-micropulsating-heat-pipe
35.
Lee
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2017
, “
Effect of Channel Geometry on the Operating Limit of Micro Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
107
, pp.
204
212
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.036
36.
Lee
,
J.
,
Joo
,
Y.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2018
, “
Effects of the Number of Turns and the Inclination Angle on the Operating Limit of Micro Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
124
, pp.
1172
1180
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.04.054
37.
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Groll
,
M.
,
2004
, “
An Insight Into Thermos-Hydrodynamic Coupling in Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Therm. Sci.
,
43
(
1
), pp.
13
20
.10.1016/S1290-0729(03)00100-5
38.
Khandekar
,
S.
,
Gautam
,
A. P.
, and
Sharma
,
P. K.
,
2009
, “
Multiple Quasi-Steady States in a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Int. J. Therm. Sci.
,
48
(
3
), pp.
535
546
.10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2008.04.004
39.
Khandekar
,
S.
,
Groll
,
M.
,
Charoensawan
,
P.
,
Rittidech
,
S.
, and
Terdtoon
,
P.
,
2004
, “
Closed and Open Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
13th International Heat Pipe Conference
,
Shanghai, China
, Sept. 21–25, Keynote lecture.http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/Bio_data/publications/Khandekar_Keynote_4.pdf
40.
Jun
,
S.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2019
, “
Experimental Study on a Criterion for Normal Operation of Pulsating Heat Pipes in a Horizontal Orientation
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
137
, pp.
1064
1075
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.03.163
41.
Holley
,
B.
, and
Faghri
,
A.
,
2005
, “
Analysis of Pulsating Heat Pipe With Capillary Wick and Varying Channel Diameter
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
48
(
13
), pp.
2635
2651
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.01.013
42.
Mameli
,
M.
,
Marengo
,
M.
, and
Zinna
,
S.
,
2012
, “
Numerical Model of a Multi-Turn Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe: Effects of the Local Pressure Losses Due to Meanderings
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
55
(
4
), pp.
1036
1047
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.10.006
43.
Mameli
,
M.
,
Marengo
,
M.
, and
Khandekar
,
S.
,
2012
, “
Towards Quantitative Validation of a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe Numerical Model
,”
Proceedings of 16th International Heat Pipe Conference (16th IHPC)
,
Lyon, France
, May 20–24, Invited lecture.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233883891_Towards_Quantitative_Validation_of_a_Closed_Loop_Pulsating_Heat_Pipe_Numerical_Model
44.
Daimaru
,
T.
,
Yoshida
,
S.
, and
Nagai
,
H.
,
2017
, “
Study on Thermal Cycle in Oscillating Heat Pipes by Numerical Analysis
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
113
, pp.
1219
1227
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.114
45.
Daimaru
,
T.
,
Nagai
,
H.
,
Ando
,
M.
,
Tanaka
,
K.
,
Okamoto
,
A.
, and
Sugita
,
H.
,
2017
, “
Comparison Between Numerical Simulation and on-Orbit Experiment of Oscillating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
109
, pp.
791
806
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.078
46.
Senjaya
,
R.
, and
Inoue
,
R.
,
2014
, “
Oscillating Heat Pipe Simulation Considering Dryout Phenomena
,”
Heat Mass Transfer
,
50
(
10
), pp.
1429
1441
.10.1007/s00231-014-1354-9
47.
Bae
,
J.
,
Lee
,
S. Y.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2017
, “
Numerical Investigation of Effect of Film Dynamics on Fluid Motion and Thermal Performance in Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
151
, pp.
296
310
.10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.086
48.
Noh
,
H. Y.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2020
, “
Numerical Simulation of Pulsating Heat Pipes: Parametric Investigation and Thermal Optimization
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
203
(
112237
), p.
112237
.10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112237
49.
Rao
,
M.
,
Lefevre
,
F.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Bonjour
,
J.
,
2015
, “
Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms of a Self-Sustained Thermally Driven Oscillating Liquid-Vapour Meniscus
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
86
, pp.
519
530
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.03.015
50.
d'Entremont
,
B. P.
, and
Thome
,
J. R.
,
2015
, “
A Numerical Study of Pulsating Heat Pipe Performance
,”
Proceedings of InterPACK 2015 ICNMM 2015
,
San Francisco, CA
, July 6–9, p.
48350
.10.1115/IPACK2015-48350
51.
Das
,
S. P.
,
Nikolayev
,
V. S.
,
Lefevre
,
F.
,
Pottier
,
B.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Bonjour
,
J.
,
2010
, “
Thermally Induced Two-Phase Oscillating Flow Inside a Capillary Tube
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
53
(
19–20
), pp.
3905
3913
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.009
52.
Gully
,
P.
,
Bonnet
,
F.
,
Nikolayev
,
V. S.
,
Luchier
,
N.
, and
Tran
,
T. Q.
,
2013
, “
Evaluation of the Vapor Thermodynamic State in PHP
,”
Proceedings of 17th International Heat Pipe Conference
,
Kanpur, India
, Oct. 14–17, pp.
369
376
.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282644440_Evaluation_of_the_Vapor_Thermodynamic_State_in_PHP
53.
Noh
,
H. Y.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2017
, “
Thermal Characterization and Optimization of Pulsating Heat Pipes Operating in a Circulation Mode
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
115
, pp.
1234
1246
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.09.004
54.
Jun
,
S.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2019
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Thermodynamic State of Vapor Plugs in Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
134
, pp.
321
328
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.053
55.
Pastukhov
,
V. G.
, and
Maydanik
,
Y. F.
,
2016
, “
Development of a Pulsating Heat Pipe With a Directional Circulation of a Working Fluid
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
109
, pp.
155
161
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.076
56.
Feng
,
C.
,
Wan
,
Z.
,
Mo
,
H.
,
Tang
,
H.
,
Lu
,
L.
, and
Tang
,
Y.
,
2018
, “
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Novel Closed-Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe With a Check Valve
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
141
, pp.
558
586
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.010
57.
Chien
,
K.-H.
,
Lin
,
Y.-T.
,
Chen
,
Y.-R.
,
Yang
,
K.-S.
, and
Wang
,
C.-C.
,
2012
, “
A Novel Design of Pulsating Heat Pipe With Fewer Turns Applicable to All Orientation
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
55
(
21–22
), pp.
5722
5728
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.05.068
58.
Kwon
,
G. H.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2015
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Performance of a Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe With Dual-Diameter Channel
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
89
, pp.
817
828
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.091
59.
Xu
,
J. L.
, and
Zhang
,
X. M.
,
2005
, “
Start-Up and Steady Thermal Oscillation of a Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Heat Mass Transfer 41
,
41
(
8
), pp.
685
694
.10.1007/s00231-004-0535-3
60.
Qu
,
W.
, and
Ma
,
H.
,
2007
, “
Theoretical Analysis of Startup of a Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
50
(
11–12
), pp.
2309
2316
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.10.043
61.
Karthikeyan
,
V. K.
,
Ramachandran
,
K.
,
Pillai
,
B. C.
, and
Brusly Solomon
,
A.
,
2014
, “
Effect of Nanofluids on Thermal Performance of Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
,
54
, pp.
171
178
.10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.02.007
62.
Qu
,
J.
,
Wu
,
H. Y.
, and
Cheng
,
P.
,
2010
, “
Thermal Performance of an Oscillating Heat Pipe With Al2O3-Water Nanofluids
,”
Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer
,
37
, pp.
111
115
.10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2009.10.001
63.
Ji
,
Y.
,
Xu
,
C.
,
Ma
,
H.
, and
Xinxiang
,
P.
,
2013
, “
An Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer Performance of an Oscillating Heat Pipe With Copper Oxide (CuO) Microstructure Layer on the Inner Surface
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME
,
135
(
7
), p.
074504
.10.1115/1.4023749
64.
Ma
,
H. B.
,
Wilson
,
C.
,
Borgmeyer
,
B.
,
Park
,
K.
,
Yu
,
Q.
,
Choi
,
S. U. S.
, and
Tirumala
,
M.
,
2006
, “
Effect of Nanofluid on the Heat Transport Capability in an Oscillating Heat Pipe
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
88
(
14
), p.
143116
.10.1063/1.2192971
65.
Thompson
,
S. M.
, and
Ma
,
H.
,
2010
, “
Effect of Localized Heating on Three-Dimensional Flat Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe
,”
Adv. Mech. Eng.
,
2
, p.
465153
.10.1155/2010/465153
66.
Lim
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2021
, “
A Novel Channel Layout of a Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe for an Excessively Localized Heating Condition
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
, accepted.
67.
Bendsøe
,
M. P.
, and
Sigmund
,
O.
,
2003
,
Topology Optimization Theory, Method, and Applications
,
Springer
,
Berlin
.
68.
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Faghri
,
A.
,
2002
, “
Heat Transfer in a Pulsating Heat Pipe With Open End
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
45
(
4
), pp.
755
764
.10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00203-4
69.
Yang
,
H.
,
Khandekar
,
S.
, and
Groll
,
M.
,
2006
, “
Performance Comparison of Open Loop and Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Proceeding of the Eighth International Heat Pipe Symposium
,
Kumamoto, Japan
, Sept. 24–27, pp.
119
124
.http://www.mech.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/8ihps/title.html
70.
Natsume
,
K.
,
Mito
,
T.
,
Yanagi
,
N.
,
Tamura
,
H.
,
Tamada
,
T.
,
Shikimachi
,
K.
,
Hirano
,
N.
, and
Nagaya
,
S.
,
2011
, “
Heat Transfer Performance of Cryogenic Oscillating Heat Pipes for Effective Cooling of Superconducting Magnets
,”
Cryogenics
,
51
(
6
), pp.
309
314
.10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.07.001
71.
Xu
,
D.
,
Li
,
L.
, and
Liu
,
H.
,
2016
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Performance of Helium Based Cryogenic Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
,
70
, pp.
61
68
.10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.08.024
72.
Nosek
,
R.
,
Liptakova
,
T.
,
Trsko
,
L.
,
Kolkova
,
Z.
,
Malcho
,
M.
, and
Kiiljan
,
A.
,
2018
, “
Problems of Sodium Using in Pulsating Heat Pipe Made From Fused Silica
,”
ICMMPM Conference
,
Jeju, South Korea
, July 19–20, p.
04004
.10.1051/matecconf/201820704004
73.
Hao
,
T.
,
Ma
,
H.
, and
Ma
,
X.
,
2019
, “
Heat Transfer Performance of Polytetrafluoroethylene Oscillating Heat Pipe With Water, Ethanol, and Acetone as Working Fluids
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
131
, pp.
109
120
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.08.133
74.
Torresin
,
D.
,
Habert
,
M.
,
Mounier
,
V.
,
Agostini
,
F.
, and
Agostini
,
B.
,
2015
, “
Characterization of a Novel Pulsating Heat Pipe Cooler for Power Electronics at Extreme Ambient Temperatures
,”
Proceedings of InterPACK 2015 ICNMM 2015
,
San Franciso, CA
, July 6–9, p.
48031
.10.1115/ICNMM2015-48031
75.
Khedkar
,
S. G.
,
Rajale
,
M.
,
Karmkar
,
D. K.
,
Kumar
,
D.
, and
Thakur
,
R.
,
2018
, “
Experimental Analysis of Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe by Using Different Working Fluids
,”
Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res.
,
7
(
6
), pp.
84
91
.http://ijrpublisher.com/gallery/13-june-329.pdf
76.
Lin
,
Y. H.
,
Kang
,
S. W.
, and
Wu
,
T. Y.
,
2009
, “
Fabrication of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
29
(
2–3
), pp.
573
580
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.028
77.
Qu
,
J.
,
Li
,
X.
,
Cui
,
Y.
, and
Wang
,
Q.
,
2017
, “
Design and Experimental Study on a Hybrid Flexible Oscillating Heat Pipe
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
107
, pp.
640
645
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.076
78.
Ogata
,
S.
,
Sukegawa
,
E.
, and
Kimura
,
T.
,
2014
, “
Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Thin Polymer Pulsating Heat Pipes
,”
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE ITHERM Conference,
Orlando, FL, May 27–30, pp.
519
526
.10.1109/ITHERM.2014.6892325
79.
Ogata
,
S.
,
Sukegawa
,
E.
, and
Kimura
,
T.
,
2014
, “
Lifetime Evaluation of Ultra-Thin Polymer Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Proceedings of International CPMT Symposium Japan
,
IEEE
,
Kyoto, Japan
, Nov. 4–6, pp.
15
18
.10.1109/ICSJ.2014.7009598
80.
Daimaru
,
T.
, and
Nagai
,
H.
,
2015
, “
Operational Characteristics of the Oscillating Heat Pipe With Noncondensable Gas
,”
J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer
,
29
(
3
), pp.
563
571
.10.2514/1.T4461
81.
Senjaya
,
R.
, and
Inoue
,
T.
,
2014
, “
Effect of Non-Condensable Gas on the Performance of Oscillating Heat Pipe, Part I—Theoretical Study
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
73
(
1
), pp.
1387
1392
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.074
82.
Senjaya
,
R.
, and
Inoue
,
T.
,
2014
, “
Effect of Non-Condensable Gas on the Performance of Oscillating Heat Pipe, Part II—Experimental Study
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
73
(
1
), pp.
1393
1400
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.075
83.
Taft
,
B. S.
,
2013
, “
Non-Condensable Gases and Oscillating Heat Pipe Operation
,”
Front. Heat Pipe
,
4
(
1
), p.
013003
.10.5098/fhp.v4.1.3003
84.
Lim
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2018
, “
Fabrication and Experimental Evaluation of a Polymer-Based Flexible Pulsating Heat Pipe
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
156
, pp.
358
364
.10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.022
85.
Jung
,
C.
,
Lim
,
J.
, and
Kim
,
S. J.
,
2020
, “
Fabrication and Evaluation of a High-Performance Flexible Pulsating Heat Pipe Hermetically Sealed With Metal
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
149
(
119180
), p.
119180
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119180
You do not currently have access to this content.