The role of the flow-field plate is of major importance in determining the performance of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The flow-field plate constitutes the largest volumetric and gravimetric proportion of the fuel cell stack and has a strong bearing on the cost and efficiency of the system. This review considers the materials being used to make flow-field plates and the methods used to characterize materials properties and performance.

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
proton exchange membrane fuel cells, flow, composite materials, polymer electrolyte fuel cell, flow-field plate, materials, bipolar plate
Topics:
Carbon, Composite materials, Contact resistance, Corrosion, Electrical conductivity, Electrolytes, Flow (Dynamics), Fuel cells, Graphite, Plates (structures), Polymers, Coatings, Thermal conductivity, Metals
1.
Koppel
,
T.
, 1999,
Powering the Future: The Ballard Fuel Cell and the Race to Change the World
,
Wiley
, New York.
2.
Prater
,
K.
, 1990, “
The Renaissance of the Solid Polymer Fuel Cell
, ”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
29
(
1–2
), pp.
239
–
250
.
3.
Tsuchiya
,
H.
, and
Kobayashi
,
O.
, 2004, “
Mass Production Cost of PEM Fuel Cell by Learning Curve
,”
Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
0360-3199,
29
(
10
), pp.
985
–
990
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
4.
Bar-On
,
I.
,
Kirchain
,
R.
, and
Roth
,
R.
, 2002, “
Technical Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
109
(
1
), pp.
71
–
75
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
Lomax
,
F. D.
, Jr.,
James
,
B. D.
,
Baum
,
G. N.
, and
Thomas
,
C. E.
, 1998, “
Detailed Manufacturing Cost Estimates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells for Light Duty Vehicles
,” Directed Technologies Inc., Arlington, VA.
6.
Jeong
,
K. S.
, and
Oh
,
B. S.
, 2002, “
Fuel Economy and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
105
(
1
),
58
–
65
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
7.
Marianowski
,
L. G.
, 2001, “
Development of a $10/kW Bipolar Separator Plate
,” Final Technical Report (DOE/EE/50477-100), Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL.
8.
Goodman
,
J.
, 2003, “
Entegris opens Production Line to Mold Polymeric Fuel Cell Plates
,”
Fuel Cell Industry Report
,
4
(
3
),
1
–
4
.
9.
Brett
,
D. J. L.
, and
Brandon
,
N. P.
, 2005, “
Bipolar Plates: The Lungs of the PEM Fuel Cell
,”
The Fuel Cell Review
,
2
(
1
),
15
–
23
.
10.
Roßberg
,
K.
, and
Trapp
,
V.
, 2003, “
Graphite-based Bipolar Plates
,”
Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
,
W.
Vielstich
,
H. A.
Gasteiger
, and
A.
Lamm
, eds.,
Wiley
, New York, Vol.
3
, pp.
308
–
314
.
11.
Mercuri
,
R. A.
,
Capp
,
J. P.
,
Warddrip
,
M. L.
, and
Weber
,
T. W.
, 2002, U.S. Patent 6,432,336.
12.
Mercuri
,
R. A.
, 1998, U.S. Patent 6,087,034.
13.
Hentall
,
P. L.
,
Lakeman
,
J. B.
,
Mepsted
,
G. O.
,
Adcock
,
P. L.
, and
Moore
,
J. M.
, 1999, “
New Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Current Collectors
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
80
(
1–2
), pp.
235
–
241
.
14.
Hwang
,
J. J.
, and
Hwang
,
H. S.
, 2002, “
Parametric Studies of a Double-Cell Stack of PEMFC Using Grafoil™ Flow-Field Plates
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
104
(
1
), pp.
24
–
32
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
15.
Woodman
,
A. S.
,
Anderson
,
E. B.
,
Jayne
,
K. D.
, and
Kimble
,
M. C.
, 1999, “
Development of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings for Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates
,”
Proc. of the American Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Society
,
6
(
21–24
), pp.
717
–
725
.
16.
Wind
,
J.
,
LaCroix
,
A.
,
Braeuninger
,
S.
,
Hedrich
,
P.
,
Heller
,
C.
, and
Schudy
,
M.
, 2003, “
Metal Bipolar Plates and Coatings
,”
Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
,
W.
Vielstich
,
H. A.
Gasteiger
, and
A.
Lamm
, eds.,
Wiley
, New York, Vol.
3
, pp.
294
–
307
.
17.
Mepsted
,
G. O.
, and
Moore
,
J. M.
, 2002, “
Performance and Durability of Bipolar Plate Materials
,”
Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
,
W.
Vielstich
,
H. A.
Gasteiger
, and
A.
Lamm
, eds.,
Wiley
, New York, Vol.
3
, pp.
286
–
293
.
18.
Shores
,
D. A.
, and
Deluga
,
G. A.
, 2003, “
Basic Materials Corrosion Issues
,”
Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
,
W.
Vielstich
,
H. A.
Gasteiger
, and
A.
Lamm
, eds.,
Wiley
, New York, Vol.
3
, pp.
273
–
285
.
19.
LaConti
,
A. B.
,
Hamdan
,
M.
, and
McDonald
,
R. C.
, 2002, “
Mechanisms of Membrane Degradation
,”
Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
,
W.
Vielstich
,
H. A.
Gasteiger
, and
A.
Lamm
, eds.,
Wiley
, New York, Vol.
3
, pp.
647
–
662
.
20.
Davies
,
D. P.
,
Adcock
,
P. L.
,
Turpin
,
M.
, and
Rowen
,
S. J. J.
, 2000, “
Bipolar Plate Materials for Solid Polymer Fuel Cells
,”
J. Appl. Electrochem.
0021-891X,
30
(
1
), pp.
101
–
105
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
21.
Aukland
,
N.
,
Boudina
,
A.
,
Eddy
,
D. S.
,
Mantese
,
J. V.
,
Thompson
,
M. P.
, and
Wang
,
S.
, 2004, “
Alloys That Form Conductive and Passivating Oxides for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates
,”
J. Mater. Res.
0884-2914,
19
(
6
), pp.
1723
–
1729
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
22.
Kumar
,
A.
, and
Reddy
,
R. G.
, 2004, “
Materials and Design Development for Bipolar/End Plates in Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
129
(
1
), pp.
62
–
67
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
23.
Sedriks
,
A. J.
, 1996,
Corrosion of Stainless Steels
, 2nd ed.,
Wiley
, New York.
24.
Makkus
,
R. C.
,
Janssen
,
A. H. H.
,
Bruijn
,
F. A.
, and
Mallant
,
R. K. A. M.
, 2000, “
Use of Stainless Steel for Cost Competitive Bipolar Plates in SPFC
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
86
(
1–2
), pp.
274
–
282
.
25.
Hornung
,
R.
, and
Kappelt
,
G.
, 1998, “
Bipolar Plate Materials Development Using Fe-Based Alloys for Solid Polymer Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
72
(
1
), pp.
20
–
21
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
26.
Davies
,
D. P.
,
Adcock
,
P. L.
,
Turpin
,
M.
, and
Rowen
,
S. J.
, 2000, “
Stainless Steel as a Bipolar Plate Material for Solid Polymer Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
86
(
1–2
), pp.
237
–
242
.
27.
Li
,
M. C.
,
Zeng
,
C. L.
,
Luo
,
S. Z.
,
Shen
,
J. N.
,
Lin
,
H. C.
, and
Cao
,
C. N.
, 2003, “
Electrochemical Corrosion Characteristics of Type 316 Stainless Steel in Simulated Anode Environment for PEMFC
,”
Electrochim. Acta
0013-4686,
48
(
12
), pp.
1735
–
1741
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
28.
Pozio
,
A.
,
Silva
,
R. F.
,
De Francsco
,
M.
, and
Giorgi
,
L.
, 2003,
Nafion Degradation in PEFCs From End Plate Iron Contamination
,”
Electrochim. Acta
0013-4686,
48
(
11
), pp.
1543
–
1549
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
29.
Wang
,
H.
,
Sweikart
,
M. A.
, and
Turner
,
J. A.
, 2003,
Stainless Steel as Bipolar Plate Material for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
115
(
2
), pp.
243
–
251
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
30.
Wang
,
H.
, and
Turner
,
J. A.
, 2004,
Ferritic Stainless Steels as Bipolar Plate Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
128
(
2
), pp.
193
–
200
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
31.
Wind
,
J.
,
Späh
,
R.
,
Kaiser
,
W.
, and
Böhm
,
G.
, 2002,
Metallic Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
105
(
2
), pp.
256
–
260
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
32.
Kim
,
J. S.
,
Peelen
,
W. H. A.
,
Hemmes
,
K.
, and
Makkus
,
R. C.
, 2002, “
Effect of Alloying Elements on the Contact Resistance and the Passivation Behaviour of Stainless Steels
,”
Corros. Sci.
0010-938X,
44
(
4
), pp.
635
–
655
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
33.
Shukla
,
A. K.
,
Ravikumar
,
M. K.
,
Meergat
,
M.
, and
Ghandi
,
K. S.
, 1999, “
A 5W Liquid-Feed Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Stack With Stainless Steel
,”
J. Appl. Electrochem.
0021-891X,
29
(
1
), pp.
129
–
132
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
34.
Ma
,
L.
,
Warthesen
,
S.
, and
Shores
,
D. A.
, 2000, “
Evaluation of Materials for Bipolar Plates
,”
J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst.
1480-2422,
3
(
3
), pp.
221
–
228
.
35.
Fan
,
Q.
,
Chervinko
,
J. R.
,
Onischak
,
M.
, and
Marianowski
,
L. G.
, 2001, U.S. Patent 6,723,462.
36.
Tarutani
,
Y.
,
Doi
,
T.
,
Seki
,
A.
, and
Fukuta
,
S.
, 2000, U.S. Patent 6,379,476.
37.
Cunningham
,
N.
,
Guay
,
D.
,
Dodelet
,
J. P.
,
Meng
,
Y.
,
Hill
,
A. R.
, and
Hay
,
A. S.
, 2002, “
New Materials and Procedures to Protect Metallic PEM Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates
,”
J. Electrochem. Soc.
0013-4651,
149
(
7
), pp.
A905
–
A911
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
38.
Fronk
,
M. H.
,
Borup
,
R. L.
,
Hulett
,
J. S.
,
Brady
,
B. K.
, and
Cunningham
,
K. M.
, 1999, U.S. Patent 6,372,376.
39.
Wang
,
H.
,
Brady
,
M. P.
,
Teeter
,
G.
, and
Turner
,
J. A.
, 2004, “
Thermally Nitrided Stainless Steels for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates – Part 1: Model Ni-50Cr and Austenitic 349™ Alloys
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
138
(
1–2
), pp.
86
–
93
.
40.
Wang
,
H.
,
Brady
,
M. P.
,
More
,
K. L.
,
Meyer
,
H. M.
, and
Turner
,
J. A.
, 2004, “
Thermally Nitrided Stainless Steels for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates – Part 2: Beneficial Modification of Passive Layer on AISI446
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
138
(
1–2
), pp.
79
–
85
.
41.
Brady
,
M. P.
,
Paulauskas
,
I.
,
Buchanan
,
R. A.
,
Weisbrod
,
K.
,
Wang
,
H.
,
Walker
,
L. R.
, and
Miller
,
L. S.
, 2003, “
Evaluation of Thermally Nitrided Metallic Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells
,”
Proc. 2nd European PEFC Forum
, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp.
219
–
229
.
42.
Kazufumi
,
K.
, and
Eiichi
,
Y.
, 2001, European Patent, EP1094535.
43.
Turner
,
J. A.
, 2000, “
The Corrosion of Metallic Components in Fuel Cells
,”
Proc. of the 2000 Hydrogen Program Review
,
Livermore, CA
, May 9–11, NREL/CP-570-28890.
44.
Lee
,
S. J.
,
Huang
,
C. H.
, and
Chen
,
Y. P.
, 2003, “
Investigation of PVD Coating on Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
0924-0136,
140
, pp.
688
–
693
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
45.
Chailorm
,
K.
,
Nirunsin
,
S.
,
Yodsombat
,
B.
, and
Vilaithong
,
T.
, 2003, “
Performance of a PEFC Stack Cell Using Specially Coated Metal Alloys as a Bipolar Plate
,”
Proc. 2nd European PEFC Forum
, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp.
484
–
489
.
46.
Cisar
,
A. J.
,
Murphy
,
O. J.
,
Jeng
,
K. T.
,
Salinas
,
C.
,
Simpson
,
S.
, and
Weng
,
D.
, 2000, U.S. Patent 6,426,161.
47.
Li
,
Y.
,
Men
,
W. J.
,
Swathirajan
,
S.
,
Harris
,
S. J.
, and
Doll
,
G. L.
, 1995, U.S. Patent, 5,624,769.
48.
Hodgson
,
D. R.
,
May
,
B.
,
Adcock
,
P. L.
, and
Davies
,
D. P.
, 2001, “
New Lightweight Bipolar Plate System for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
96
(
1
), pp.
233
–
235
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
49.
Clarke
,
V. J.
,
Farndon
,
E. E.
,
Hodgson
,
D. R.
, and
Long
,
I. M.
, 2003, “
The Development Process for Coatings for Metal Separator and Collector Plates in PEMFC and DMFC Technology
,”
Proc. 2nd European PEFC Forum
, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp.
463
–
467
.
50.
Newton
,
J.
,
Foster
,
S. E.
,
Hodgson
,
D.
, and
Marrett
,
A.
, 2002, “
Routes to a Commercially Viable PEM Fuel Cell Stack
,” DTI Publication URN 02/1294.
51.
Hodgson
,
D. R.
, and
Farndon
,
E.
, 2003, U.S. Pat. App. 2003,0170526.
52.
Lackey
,
W. L.
, 2001, “
Carbon-Carbon Composites
,”
Encyclopaedia of Materials: Science and Technology
,
B. H. J.
Buschow
 et al., eds.,
Elsevier Science Ltd.
, pp.
952
–
966
.
53.
Besmann
,
T. M.
,
Klett
,
J. W.
,
Henry
,
J. J.
, Jr., and
Lara-Curzio
,
E.
, 2000, “
Carbon/Carbon Composite Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
,”
J. Electrochem. Soc.
0013-4651,
147
(
11
), pp.
4083
–
4086
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
55.
Del Río
,
C.
,
Ojeda
,
M. C.
,
Acosta
,
J. L.
,
Escudero
,
M. J.
,
Hontañón
,
E.
, and
Daza
,
L.
, 2002, “
New Polymer Bipolar Plates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Synthesis and Characterisation
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
0021-8995,
83
(
13
), pp.
2817
–
2822
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
56.
Kuan
,
H. C.
,
Ma
,
C. C. M.
,
Chen
,
K. H.
, and
Chen
,
S. M.
, 2004, “
Preparation, Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
134
(
1
), pp.
7
–
17
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
57.
Busick
,
D. N.
, and
Wilson
,
M. S.
, 1998, “
Low-Cost Composite Bipolar Plates for PEFC Stacks
,”
Proc.-Electrochem. Soc.
0161-6374,
27
, pp.
435
–
445
.
58.
Mehta
,
V.
, and
Cooper
,
J. S.
, 2003, “
Review and Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Design and Manufacturing
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
114
(
1
), pp.
32
–
53
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
59.
Middelman
,
E.
, 2003, U.S. Pat. App. 2003,0160352.
60.
Nunnery
,
L.
, Jr.,
Clulow
,
J.
, and
Conner
,
W.
, “
Technologies and Market Position of Thermoset Bi-polar Plates in the US
,” BMC white paper (available on-line at www.bulkmolding.comwww.bulkmolding.com).
61.
Wolf
,
H.
, and
Willert-Porada
,
M.
, 2006, “
Electrically Conductive LCP-Carbon Composite With Low Carbon Content for Bipolar Plate Application in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
153
, pp.
41
–
46
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
62.
Online article
, 2003, “
New ‘Biomimetic’ Technology Breakthrough Boosts Fuel Cell Output
,” Future Energies, Bay City, MI, available online at www.futureenergies.comwww.futureenergies.com.
63.
Mason
,
K. F.
, 2004, “
Faster Compression Molding Presses Keep Pace With New Highly Loaded, Low-Flow Thermoplastics and Thermosets
,” Composites Tech., June, pp. 1–20.
64.
Leaversuch
,
R.
, 2001, “
Fuel Cells Jolt Plastics Innovation
,”
Plast. Technol.
0032-1257,
47
, pp.
48
–
53
.
65.
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Mahlendorf
,
F.
,
Niemzig
,
O.
, and
Kreuz
,
C.
, 2004, “
Injection Moulded Low Cost Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
131
(
1–2
), pp.
35
–
40
.
66.
Middelman
,
E.
,
Kout
,
W.
,
Vogelaar
,
B.
,
Lenssen
,
J.
, and
de Waal
,
E.
, 2003, “
Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
118
(
1–2
), pp.
44
–
46
.
67.
Mighri
,
F.
,
Huneault
,
M. A.
, and
Champagne
,
M. F.
, 2004, “
Electrically Conductive Thermoplastic Blends for Injection and Compression Molding of Bipolar Plates in the Fuel Cell Application
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
0032-3888,
44
(
9
), pp.
1755
–
1765
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
68.
Blunk
,
R. H. J.
,
Lisi
,
D. J.
,
Yoo
,
Y. E.
, and
Tucker
,
C. L.
, 2003, “
Enhanced Conductivity of Fuel Cell Plates Through Controlled Fiber Orientation
,”
AIChE J.
0001-1541,
49
(
2
), pp.
18
–
29
.
69.
Blunk
,
R. H. J.
,
Abd Elhamid
,
M. H.
,
Mikhail
,
Y. M.
, and
Lisi
,
D. J.
, 2001, U.S. Pat. App. 09,997,190.
70.
Wu
,
M.
, and
Shaw
,
L. L.
, 2004, “
On the Improved Properties of Injection-Molded, Carbon Nanotube-Filled PET/PVDF Blends
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
136
(
1
), pp.
37
–
44
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
71.
Huang
,
J.
,
Baird
,
D. G.
, and
McGrath
,
J. E.
, 2005, “
Development of Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates From Graphite Filled Wet-Lay Thermoplastic Composite Materials
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
150
, pp.
110
–
119
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
72.
Cooper
,
J. S.
, 2004, “
Design Analysis of PEMFC Bipolar Plates Considering Stack Manufacturing and Environmental Impact
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
129
(
2
), pp.
152
–
169
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
73.
Ruge
,
M.
, and
Büchi
,
F. N.
, 2001, “
Bipolar Elements for PE Fuel Cell Stacks Based on the Mold to Size Process of Carbon Polymer Mixtures
,”
Proc. 1st European PEFC Forum
, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp.
299
–
308
.
74.
Borup
,
R. L.
, and
Vanderborgh
,
N. E.
, 1995, “
Design and Testing for Bipolar Plate Materials for PEM Fuel Cell Applications
,”
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.
0272-9172,
393
, pp.
151
–
155
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
75.
Cho
,
E. A.
,
Jeon
,
U. S.
,
Ha
,
H. Y.
,
Hong
,
S. A.
, and
Oh
,
I. H.
, 2004, “
Characterisation of Composite Bipolar Plates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
125
(
2
), pp.
178
–
182
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
76.
Landis
,
L.
, and
Tucker
,
J. L.
, 2002, “
Making Better Fuel Cells: Through-Plane Resistivity Measurement of Graphite-Filled Bipolar Plates
,” Keithley Instruments, Inc., White Paper No. 2399.
77.
Landis
,
L.
, and
Tucker
,
J. L.
, 2002, “
Bipolar Plate Components Move to the Forefront
,”
R&D (Cahners)
0746-9179,
44
, p.
36
.
78.
Cunningham
,
N.
,
Lefèvre
,
M.
,
Lebrun
,
G.
, and
Dodelet
,
J. P.
, 2005, “
Measuring the Through-Plane Electrical Resistivity of Bipolar Plates (Apparatus and Methods)
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
143
(
1–2
), pp.
93
–
102
.
79.
Miachon
,
S.
, and
Aldebert
,
P.
, 1995, “
Internal Hydration H2∕O2 100cm2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
56
(
1
), pp.
31
–
36
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
80.
Ihonen
,
J.
,
Jaouen
,
F.
,
Lindbergh
,
G.
, and
Sundholm
,
G.
, 2001, “
A Novel Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell for Laboratory Investigation and In-Situ Contact Resistance Measurements
,”
Electrochim. Acta
0013-4686,
46
(
19
), pp.
2899
–
2911
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
81.
Mathias
,
M.
,
Roth
,
J.
,
Femming
,
J.
, and
Lehnert
,
W.
, 2003, “
Diffusion Media and Characterisation
,”
Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
,
W.
Vielstich
,
H. A.
Gasteiger
, and
A.
Lamm
, eds,
Wiley
, New York, Vol.
3
, pp.
517
–
538
.
82.
Lee
,
W. K.
,
Ho
,
C. H.
,
Van Zee
,
J. W.
, and
Murthy
,
M.
, 1999, “
The Effects of Compression and Gas Diffusion Layers on the Performance of a PEM
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
84
(
1
), pp.
45
–
51
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
83.
Saario
,
T.
,
Laitinen
,
T.
, and
Pippo
,
J.
, 1998, “
Contact Electric Resistance (CER/0 Technique for In-Situ Characterisation of Surface Films
,”
Mater. Sci. Forum
0255-5476,
289
, pp.
193
–
201
.
84.
Tuber
,
K.
,
Pocza
,
D.
, and
Hebling
,
C.
, 2003, “
Visualization of Water Buildup in the Cathode of a Transparent PEM Fuel Cell
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
124
(
2
), pp.
403
–
414
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
85.
Taniguchi
,
A.
, and
Yasuda
,
K.
, 2005, “
Highly Water-Proof Coating of Gas Flow Channels by Plasma Polymerization for PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
141
(
1
), pp.
8
–
12
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
86.
Nishida
,
K.
,
Yasumoto
,
E.
,
Gyoten
,
H.
,
Hatoh
,
K.
,
Uchida
,
M.
,
Ohara
,
H.
,
Sugawara
,
Y.
,
Kanbara
,
T.
,
Matsumoto
,
T.
, and
Niikura
,
J.
, 2003, U.S. Patent 6,660,419.
87.
Lee
,
S. J.
,
Huang
,
C. H.
,
Lai
,
J. J.
, and
Chen
,
Y. P.
, 2004, “
Corrosion-Resistant Component for PEM Fuel Cells
,”
J. Power Sources
0378-7753,
131
(
1–2
), pp.
162
–
168
.
88.
Extrand
,
C. W.
, and
Monson
,
L.
, “
Water Permeation of a Bipolar Plate Material
,” Entegris Inc., White Paper (available online at www.entegris.com/pdf/tech/waterpermabstract.pdfwww.entegris.com/pdf/tech/waterpermabstract.pdf).
Copyright © 2007
 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.