...Shadman Tahmid; James Yang Estimating muscle forces is crucial for understanding joint dynamics and improving rehabilitation strategies, particularly for patients with neurological disorders who suffer from impaired muscle function. Muscle forces are directly proportional to muscle activations...

... but challenging. Electromyography (EMG) can be used to obtain muscle activation values, which can be converted to muscle forces and joint torques. Surface electrodes can measure activations of superficial muscles, but fine-wire electrodes are needed for deep muscles, although it is invasive and require skilled...

... adduction affects the stiffness condition within the vocal fold, a prestressed eigenvalue analysis, which takes into consideration of the static vocal fold deformation and stress due to muscle activation, was performed, as described in Yin and Zhang [ 36 ]. Figure 8 shows the contour plot of the first...