..., the aim of this work is to propose a nonlinear normalization based on finite elements (FE) simulations and evaluate its impact on the stiffness of human anatomical specimens of lumbar IVD. First, a parameter study involving simulations of biomechanical tests (compression, flexion/extension, bilateral...

... spine depends on the amount of head rotation orientation, which may explain why the neck is stronger in combined tension and extension. In contrast to the upper cervical spine, the tensile failure strength of the lower cervical spine decreased with increased loading eccentricity from the OC to the CG...