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Research Papers

# Mixed Convection in a Cubical Cavity With Active Lateral Walls and Filled With Hybrid Graphene–Platinum Nanofluid

[+] Author and Article Information
Ahmed Kadhim Hussein

College of Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
University of Babylon,
Babylon City, Hilla 51002, Iraq
e-mail: ahmedkadhim7474@gmail.com

Lioua Kolsi

College of Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Haïl University,
Haïl City 81411, Saudi Arabia;
Research Laboratory of Metrology
and Energy Systems,
National Engineering School,
Energy Engineering Department,
University of Monastir,
Monastir 5000, Tunisia
e-mail: lioua_enim@yahoo.fr

Mohammed A. Almeshaal

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
College of Engineering,
Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud
Islamic University,
Riyadh 11432, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
e-mail: maalmeshaal@imamu.edu.sa

Dong Li

School of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Northeast Petroleum University,
Fazhan Lu Street,
Daqing 163318, China
e-mail: lidonglvyan@126.com

Hafiz Muhammad Ali

Mechanical Engineering Department,
University of Engineering and Technology,
Taxila 47050, Pakistan
e-mail: h.m.ali@uettaxila.edu.pk

Israa S. Ahmed

Electromechanical Engineering Department,
University of Technology,
Baghdad 10001, Iraq
e-mail: israa6179@yahoo.com

Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS. Manuscript received November 23, 2018; final manuscript received March 31, 2019; published online June 3, 2019. Assoc. Editor: Ali J. Chamkha.

J. Thermal Sci. Eng. Appl 11(4), 041007 (Jun 03, 2019) (9 pages) Paper No: TSEA-18-1607; doi: 10.1115/1.4043758 History: Received November 23, 2018; Revised March 31, 2019

## Abstract

The mixed convection in a cubical cavity with active lateral walls and filled with a graphene–platinum hybrid nanofluid was investigated numerically and exclusively in the present paper. The lateral left and back sidewalls were kept at a hot temperature (Th), while the lateral right and front sidewalls were kept at a cold temperature (Tc). Both the top and bottom walls were assumed thermally insulated. The top wall of the cavity was considered moving with two different directions. The first one is in the x-direction (case I), while the second case is in the z-direction (case II). Also, the case of the fixed top wall was studied just for comparison. The solid volume fractions have been varied as 0 ≤ $φ$ ≤ 0.1%, while the Richardson number is varied in the range of 0.01 ≤Ri ≤ 10. It was found that the maximum average Nusselt number corresponds to the case when the top wall moving in the negative x-direction. Also, the results indicated that the average Nusselt number increases with the increase in the Richardson number and the solid volume fraction.

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## Figures

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of the considered configuration

Fig. 2

Validation of the code with 2D solution from the literature for Ri = 10: (a) study of Sun et al. [40] and (b) present study

Fig. 3

Comparison of the temperature on the axial midline between the present results and the results of Jahanshahi et al. [41] (Pr = 6.2, φ = 0.1, and Ra = 6.2 × 104)

Fig. 4

Particle trajectories for various top wall orientations at Ri = 0.1 and φ = 0.1% (TV for top view): (a) case I (V−), (b) case I (V+), (c) case II (V−), (d) case II (V+), and (e) (V = 0)

Fig. 5

Particle trajectories for various top wall orientations at Ri = 10 and φ = 0.1% (TV for top view): (a) case I (V−), (b) case I (V+), (c) case II (V−), (d) case II (V+), and (e) (V = 0)

Fig. 6

Iso-surface of temperature for various top wall orientations at Ri = 0.1 and φ = 0.1%

Fig. 7

Iso-surface of temperature for various top wall orientations at Ri = 10 and φ = 0.1%

Fig. 8

The relationship between the average Nusselt number with the solid volume fraction for various values of the Richardson number and considered directions of the moving top wall for case I: (a) Ri = 0.1 and (b) Ri = 10

Fig. 9

The relationship between the average Nusselt number with the Richardson number for various values of the solid volume fraction and considered directions of the moving top wall for case I

Fig. 10

The relationship between the normalized average Nusselt number with the solid volume fraction for various values of the Richardson number and considered directions of the moving top wall for case I: (a) Ri = 0.1 and (b) Ri = 10

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